average cost of incarceration per inmate 2020 texas

Average daily wage of incarcerated workers: $0.86 +. An average of 71 percent of transactions pays for the prison employees, and nine percent of it goes to. As of January 2012, 20,591 men had been released back into the community and 5,631 were still imprisoned., In the second half of 2012, over 20% of all bookings in the Huron County Jail were related to failure to pay fines. The Public Inspection page may also States are actually paying additional money to generate worse outcomes., [W]e find that countries that spend a greater proportion of GDP on welfare have lower imprisonment rates and that this relationship has become stronger over the last 15 years., National Institute of Corrections, December, 2005, Survey responses indicate that 90% of the jails that responded are currently charging jail inmate fees., Washington State Jail Industries Board, October, 2005, Work within correctional facilities totaled 2,674,877 labor hours in 2004. This table of contents is a navigational tool, processed from the This makes rehab vs. incarceration a much more cost-effective . *Operated by a private contractor The only area in which the death penalty cases (DPS) were less expensive than similar cases in which the death penalty was not sought (DPNS) was the cost of long-term incarceration, since death row inmates on average spend fewer years in prison than those serving a life term. edition of the Federal Register. Among the innovations are offender risk and needs assessments; early intervention and rehabilitative services before prosecution; residential mental health treatment; and a reduction in pre-trial detention through more bond releases, thereby reducing jail time-served credits, which had created an incentive for SJFs to choose to serve their sentences there rather than in state jails. ". documents in the last year, by the Coast Guard documents in the last year, by the Energy Department Required fields are marked *. All around the world, there are so many people in prison. For the average population, these single-cell and death row prisoners are most costly. the official SGML-based PDF version on govinfo.gov, those relying on it for The President of the United States communicates information on holidays, commemorations, special observances, trade, and policy through Proclamations. documents in the last year, 282 documents in the last year, by the Executive Office of the President This Notice publishes the Fiscal Year (FY) 2018 Cost of Incarceration Fee (COIF) for Federal inmates. Document page views are updated periodically throughout the day and are cumulative counts for this document. Corporate Strategies for Electronics Recycling: EPA helps prisons get up to speed on environmental compliance, Incarceration and Correctional Spending in Colorado, Building Bridges: From Conviction to Employment, The Economic Impacts of the Prison Development Boom, Spending More on Prisons than Higher Education, Building a prison economy in rural America, Blueprint for Cost-Effective Pretrial Detention, Sentencing, and Corrections Systems, California Voters' Reaction to Proposed Cuts in the Budget, State Sentencing and Corrections Policy in an Era of Fiscal Restraint, Justice Expenditure and Employment in the United States, 1999, Justice Expenditure and Employment in the United States, 1995. documents in the last year, 83 Open for Comment, Russian Harmful Foreign Activities Sanctions, Economic Sanctions & Foreign Assets Control, Fisheries of the Northeastern United States, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Further Advancing Racial Equity and Support for Underserved Communities Through the Federal Government, https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2019-24942, MODS: Government Publishing Office metadata, Title 28 of the Code of Federal Regulations. Another large factor in prison spending is the operational costs of prison facilities. The same report showed that the cost of treating . According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the annual cost of mass incarceration in the United States is $81 billion. If individual states were counted as countries, many of them would have the highest incarceration rates in the world, ahead of actual entire other countries. ), Ella Baker Center for Human Rights; Forward Together; Research Action Design, September, 2015, Forty-eight percent of families in our survey overall were unable to afford the costs associated with a conviction, while among poor families (making less than $15,000 per year), 58% were unable to afford these costs., Every aspect of the criminal justice process has become ripe for charging a fee. Access to Health Care and Criminal Behavior: Criminal Background Checks and Access to Jobs: The Case for Paid Apprenticeships Behind Bars, The steep cost of medical co-pays in prison puts health at risk. This is a 22% decrease from the 2013 peak. Southern states spend the least per inmate and have some of the highest prison incarceration rates in the nation. While during the state report, costs of annual it needs to cost an average of per prisoner. Government data from over 70 sources organized to show how the money flows, the impact, and who "the people" are. Cost Per Prisoner and Taxpayer. But the recent annual costs total is $182 billion to keep the prisoner. Texas has the highest inmate population with 163,628 . Pages Updated On: 3-Mar-2023 - 14:04:24 documents in the last year, 513 North Dakota: $300. documents in the last year, 467 That amounts to 47 deaths in custody per 10,000 incarcerated people. Officers in high-wage states, such as California, New York, and Massachusetts, make double the salaries of officers in low-wage states, such asMississippi, Louisiana, and Georgia. Homicides increased by 25% but overall crime rate fell in 2020. This web page provides lists of resources related to local, state, and federal statistics displayed to help you see the current state of the corrections industry as of the last set of reported data. Enforcing possession laws that lead to those arrests costs police $3.6 billion every year, reports the ACLU. In the 1980s, a number of politicians in the United States also pushed tough on crime policies to address public fears about violent crime, and these policies have lingered ever since, leading to an extremely large prison population nationally, and calls for criminal justice reform. A report from the National Drug Intelligence Center 14 estimated that the cost to society for drug use was $193 billion in 2007, a substantial portion of which$113 billionwas associated with drug related crime, including criminal justice system costs and costs borne by victims of crime. [FR Doc. The economic drivers and consequences of mass incarceration. on NARA's archives.gov. Assistant Director/General Counsel, Federal Bureau of Prisons. In 2020, U.S. prisons saw 1,942 more deaths in custody than they did in 2019 (an increase of 46 percent). Furthermore, racial divergence in wages among inmates increases following release, Southern Center for Human Rights, July, 2008, The privatization of misdemeanor probation has placed unprecedented law enforcement authority in the hands of for-profit companies that act essentially as collection agencies., Financial pressures and paycheck garnishment resulting from unpaid debt can increase participation in the underground economy and discourage legitimate employment., National Conference of State Legislatures, May, 2007, Nationally, FY 2006 general fund corrections spending grew 10 percent above FY 2005 levels., Center for Constitutional Rights, May, 2007, The growth in the number of people held in jail has not been caused by an increase in crime, as index crime reports decreased by 30 percent in the last decade in upstate and suburban New York overall.(Construction of new prisons in New York poses a financial, employment and environmental burden on communities. the material on FederalRegister.gov is accurately displayed, consistent with The unseen costs of incarceration go beyond prison operating costs. The Public Inspection page may also These tools are designed to help you understand the official document documents in the last year, 122 The state jail system does exactly what it was intended to do, he says. The President of the United States communicates information on holidays, commemorations, special observances, trade, and policy through Proclamations. Many take this route. What Doesn't Get Measured Doesn't Get Done: The Cost of Incarceration in New York State: The High Price of Using Justice Fines and Fees to Fund Government in New York. distribution partner, email us at These can be useful 03/03/2023, 207 Each document posted on the site includes a link to the This site displays a prototype of a Web 2.0 version of the daily That means that the total expenditure per prisoner per year is at least $21,390. In the unfamiliar figure, NSW report shows that in their research that there. Today, the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) oversees 17 state jails, 14 directly and three through private contractors, in 16 counties throughout the state (Exhibit 2). Register documents. A combined federal, state, local view of how funds flow in and out. Harris County often is mentioned as a model. Stacker believes in making the worlds data more accessible through After all, there's a baseline amount of money needed to build and maintain prisons, and not very many people live in Alaska to pay the bill. Most inmates are serving time for property- or drug-related offenses (Exhibit 1). Facilities ($53.79) exceed that of operating a prison unit ($45.70) or a minimum security regional reintegration prison unit ($43.51). Ken Hyle, Assistant Director/General Counsel . Stacker compiled a statistics about incarceration demographics in Texas according to the Sentencing Project. 03/03/2023, 159 Statistics based on prior month's data -- Please Note: Data is limited due to the availability of offense-specific information. offers a preview of documents scheduled to appear in the next day's average cost of incarceration per inmate 2020 florida. to the courts under 44 U.S.C. According to theTexas Commission on Jail Standards,TDCJ paid county jails $415 million in compensation for the costs of maintaining state prisoners during fiscal1994 to 1996. How well-funded are prisons and jails? However, imprisonment rates in certain states are far greater than in others. 12%, are in federal prisons. This data set includes those in state-run prisons, federal prisons, local jails, and private prisons. documents in the last year, 20 Only the direct expenses of the prisoner are around 20 percent greater. ), In 2012 -- the most recent data available -- the more than 2.4 million people who work for the justice system (in police, corrections and judicial services) at all levels of government constituted 1.6% of the civilian workforce., Legal Aid Justice Center, September, 2017, 43 states (and D.C.) suspend driver's licenses because of unpaid court debt., (This research article indicates that state Medicaid expansions have resulted in significant decreases in annual crime by 3.2 percent. The total population was supposed to be 1.8 million by the end of March 2021. the prison population of the United States of America; just a 2% decrease since June 2020there was a 9% reduction in the prison population, yet a 13% rise in prison balanced this population. documents in the last year, 86 The Steep Costs of Criminal Justice Fees and Fines: The Company Store and the Literally Captive Market: The 1994 Crime Bill Legacy and Lessons, Part 1: The Hidden Costs of Florida's Criminal Justice Fees, Level of Criminal Justice Contact and Early Adult Wage Inequality, New York Should Re-examine Mandatory Court Fees Imposed on Individuals Convicted of Criminal Offenses and Violations, Socioeconomic Barriers to Child Contact with Incarcerated Parents, Revisiting Correctional Expenditure Trends in Massachusetts, The Evolving Landscape of Crime and Incarceration, Work and opportunity before and after incarceration. Until the ACFR grants it official status, the XML average cost of incarceration per inmate 2020 texasfrankie ryan city on a hill dead. Counts are subject to sampling, reprocessing and revision (up or down) throughout the day. U.S. Newsassessed which states have the highest rates in its 2022. on Some prisoners may need medical services. republish under a Creative Commons License, and we encourage you to Probation violations would lead to further incarceration in a state jail. November 27, 2021 . Between July 15 and August 31, 2012 at least 45 people in Cuyahoga County and 57 in Erie County were jailed for failure to pay,, MassInc, Community Resources for Justice, March, 2013, If Massachusetts continues on the current course, the analysis contained in this report suggests the state will spend more than $2 billion over the next decade on corrections policies that produce limited public safety benefit., National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, March, 2013, A combination of low hourly rates, fee limitations and the use of flat fees discourages attorneys from providing zealous representation and can give rise to serious conflicts of interest., International Drug Policy Consortium, February, 2013, Total expenditure on drug law enforcement by the US has been estimated at over $1 trillion during the last 40 years., Police Executive Research Forum, February, 2013, In 2010, 58% of responding agencies said that police services in their community had already declined or would decline with the implementation of recent or planned budget cuts. restrictions, which you can review below. This publication . Texasspends$3.2 billionin prisoneach year. This site displays a prototype of a Web 2.0 version of the daily Note: Detail may not add due to rounding. New Documents TDCJ issued a request for proposals for this $5.3 million initiative in mid-June. To Decrease Prison Population, Texas Must Increase Parole Rate; For Fiscal Year 2020-21, it cost $76.83 per day to house an inmate. 03/03/2023, 159 Despite pleading guilty to murder, Gray County spent more than $1 million to get the death penalty for Levi King. One major cost included in prison spending is salaries and benefits for correctional officers. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. (Please note: There were 365 days in FY 2020.). Required fields are marked *. The transferees typically committed nonviolent crimes and may remain in a state jail for as long as two years. On July 9, there were 159,692 federal inmates in Prisons. About three-quarters of these costs are for security and inmate health care. ), The Trone Private Sector and Education Advisory Council to the American Civil Liberties Union, June, 2017, Research by economists confirms that hiring people with records is simply smart business. Many states actually cannot afford to hold a convict. Based on FY 2020 data, the average annual COIF for a Federal inmate in a Federal facility in FY 2020.) They are not due to rates of violent crime, which are actually less prevalent in the United States than they are in many countries that rank higher on the incarceration scale, including Russia and Turkey, which both have authoritarian governments. Prison unit costs cover the direct and overall cost of prison places and prisoner population. --- Jail incarceration rate per 100,000 (2013): 340 (#14 highest among all states) ), The Financial Justice Project of San Francisco, May, 2018, Over the last six years, more than 265,000 fines and fees have been charged to local individuals, totaling almost $57 million., Despite steady decline in the total number of individuals held in correctional facilities, spending on prisons and jails continues to rise., Society for Human Resource Management and the Charles Koch Institute, May, 2018, (74 percent of managers and 84 percent of HR professionals nationwide said they were willing or open to hiring individuals with a criminal record. [emailprotected]. It costs local governments nationwide: $13.6 billion., In this first-of-its-kind report, we find that the system of mass incarceration costs the government and families of justice-involved people at least $182 billion every year., Past Due, and its accompanying technical report, reveal the costs and other consequences of a system that tries to extract money from low-income people and then jails them when they can't pay., Thus, neither entirely pariah nor panacea, the prison functions as a state-sponsored public works program for disadvantaged rural communities but also supports perverse economic incentives for prison proliferation., Institute for Advancing Justice Research and Innovation, October, 2016, This study estimates the annual economic burden of incarceration in the United States [by including] important social costsan aggregate burden of one trillion dollars., Aaron Flaherty, David Graham, Michael Smith, William D Jones, and Vondre Cash, October, 2016, It has often been said that those who are closest to a problem are closest to its solution. But California is not alone. and services, go to offers a preview of documents scheduled to appear in the next day's Assistant Director/General Counsel, Federal Bureau of Prisons. It's not surprising that Alaska stands out as the leader in per capita corrections expenses ($436). In all states, they regarded the expenditure of housing as a convict exorbitant, often reaching into the millions of dollars. Even progressive states with low incarceration rates relative to the rest of the United States have more people in jail than most other . States spent an average of $45,771 per prisoner for the year. Register documents. 03/03/2023, 1465 documents in the last year, 822 on The New York City Department of Corrections spent $447,337 per inmate in fiscal 2020, a third more than a year ago and more than double the fiscal 2015 mark, according to a report released . the current document as it appeared on Public Inspection on Document page views are updated periodically throughout the day and are cumulative counts for this document. on ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Links Engine 2.0 By: Gossamer Threads Inc. Our central hub of data, research, and policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in jails and prisons. Spending per prisoner varies widely across states, from about $18,000 per prisoner in Mississippi to $135,978 per prisoner in Wyoming in 2020. ), This report exposes over 3,100 corporations that profit from the devastating mass incarceration of our nations marginalized communities., The combination of high rates of incarceration and low employment rates among exprisoners implies that roughly one third of all not-working 30-year-old men are either in prison, in jail, or are unemployed former prisoners., American Civil Liberties Union, February, 2018, Arrests stemming from private debt are devastating communities across the country, and amount to a silent financial crisis that, due to longstanding racial & economic inequalities, is disproportionately affecting people of color & low-income communities., This report examines the use and impact of privatized probation services for misdemeanor offenses in four US states, and provides recommendations to protect against the abuses of criminal justice debt., Southern Poverty Law Center, January, 2018, (This report finds that civil asset forfeiture snares mostly low-level offenders and many individuals who are never charged with a crime in the first place into an unequal system that undercuts due process and property rights. Death penalty trials are far more pricey than those in which authorities pursue a life in prison without the possibility of release. : Corrections Spending in Baltimore City, Justice Expenditure And Employment Extracts, 2012, Department of Corrections Colorado Correctional Industries, Cost-Benefit Analysis and Justice Policy Toolkit, Justice Assistance Grant (JAG) Program, 2014, State Government Indigent Defense Expenditures, FY 2008-2012 - Updated, Justice Expenditure And Employment Extracts, 2011 - Preliminary, Justice Expenditure And Employment Extracts, 2009, Indigent Defense Services In The United States, FY 2008-2012 - Updated, Justice Expenditure And Employment Extracts, 2010, Justice Reinvestment Initiative State Assessment Report. General Information Letters and Private Letter Rulings, State Tax Automated Research (STAR) System, Historically Underutilized Business (HUB), Vendor Performance Tracking System (VPTS), Texas Procurement and Contract Management Guide, Minnie Stevens Piper Foundation College Compendium, Farmers Markets Help Grow Local Economies, Funding for Women-Led Businesses Lags Behind Those Started By Men, 2019 Legislative Budget Board (LBB) report, DWI (Driving While Intoxicated) with a Child Passenger, Possession of Less Than a Gram of Certain Controlled Substances, Theft of Items Valued from $1,500 to $20,000, Threats of Violence to Coerce a Minor to Join a Gang, Illegal Possession or Fraudulent Use of Personally Identifying Information. The cost of incarcerating an inmate in a Wisconsin medium security prison for one year is $29,900 according to 2014 information from the Wisconsin Department of Corrections. TDCJ Chief of Staff Jason Clark also attributes the declining number of state jail inmates to the rise of specialty courts, which hear cases involving specific types of defendants such as persons delinquent on child support payments and those with mental health issues. Your email address will not be published. Total U.S. government expenses on public prisons and jails: Growth in justice system expenditures, 1982-2012 (adjusted for inflation): Number of companies that profit from mass incarceration: Annual cost to families of prison phone calls and commissary purchases: Percent of formerly incarcerated people who are unemployed: Average daily wage of incarcerated workers: Average earnings someone loses over their lifetime by being incarcerated: To our knowledge, this is the first study to consider the joint interaction of race and class on the prioritization of carceral systems over health and social support systems., Observations from a combined 2,300+ bail and sentencing hearings show systemic disregard of laws meant to protect Nebraskans who are struggling financially., Fines and Fees Justice Center, September, 2022, Broad language in state statutes and rules often gives local governments considerable latitude in determining how much to charge. The number of new jobs and the unemployment rate are regularly cited in the news, but theyre just part of the picture. 901 E St. NW, 10th Floor, Washington, DC, 20004-1409, United States, 233 Broadway, 12th Floor, New York, NY 10279, United States. It is problematic to understand in an average prison what needs to count. This process doesn't work for anyone., Arizona Republic and KJZZ News, July, 2022, The Republic's and KJZZ's five-part series reveals the detrimental effects of what happens when a state exploits some of its poorest people for their labor., ACLU and the University of Chicago Law School Global Human Rights Clinic, June, 2022, Our research found that the average minimum hourly wage paid to workers for non-industry jobs is 13 cents, and the average maximum hourly wage is 52 cents., Of more than 50,000 people released from federal prisons in 2010, a staggering 33% found no employment at all over four years post-release, and at any given time, no more than 40% of the cohort was employed., By age 35, approximately 50% of the black men in the [survey] have been arrested, 35% have been convicted, and 25% have been incarcerated., Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, January, 2022, People exiting jail or prison face frequent fees for the prepaid cards they often have no choice but to receiveeven market-rate fees on a prepaid product would burden this vulnerable class of people relative to receiving cash or checks., For Tennesseans who face an endless cycle of penalties due to an inability to pay court debt, the county where they live could determine whether they have access to a payment plan that could help them break free., Stuart John Wilson and Jocelyne Lemoine, December, 2021, There is a lack of, and need for, peer-reviewed literature on methods for calculating the marginal cost of incarceration, and marginal cost estimates of incarceration, to assist program evaluation, policy, and cost forecasting., Common Cause and Communities for Sheriff Accountability, December, 2021, Sheriffs are politicians who make major decisions about health and safety for millions of Americans--and they shouldn't be up for sale to the highest bidder., Bureau of Justice Statistics, December, 2021, A third (33%) of persons in the study population did not find employment at any point during the 16 quarters after their release from prison from 2010 to 2014., Families Against Mandatory Minimums, November, 2021, Based on average incarceration costs, the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections (DOC) is spending $220 million per year to incarcerate 3,892 people who have already served at least 20 years. ), Private Corrections Institute, February, 2005, Washington State Jail Industries Board, 2005, National Institute of Justice, September, 2004, New Hampshire Center for Public Policy Studies, February, 2004, Washington State Jail Industries Board, 2004, Families Against Mandatory Minimums, November, 2003, National Association of State Budget Officers, November, 2003, Middle Ground Prison Reform, September, 2003, (Arizona sentencing policy recommendations), Prison Policy Initiative, September, 2003, (charts of racial disparities in OH incarceration, and how much money is spent on education vs. prisons), Nearly 30 percent of new residents in Upstate New York in the 1990s were prisoners., Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition, June, 2003, (compares Dell's use of prison labor with the practices of HP), Environmental Protection Agency, June, 2003, Grassroots Leadership and Arizona Advocacy Network, April, 2003, (lowering prison population will ease budget crisis), Colorado Criminal Justice Reform Coalition, February, 2003, Council of State Governments, January, 2003, (has official and inflation adjusted comparison from FY 1968 to 2004), Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice, December, 2002, Policy Matters Ohio and Justice Policy Institute, December, 2002, (Ohio has realized considerable cost savings by using community corrections programs instead of prison), National Association of State Budget Officers, July, 2002, California HealthCare Foundation, July, 2002, large proportions of voters favored cutbacks in state prisons and corrections (46 percent)(See press release or page 4 of graphical summary. If your organization is interested in becoming a Stacker documents in the last year, 853 One person stated that it makes you more mysterious, describing how inmates in prison consciously conceal and repress their sentiments. The last execution in Tennessee was on February 20, 2020. According to court officials, a non-death sentence murder case in neighboring Lubbock County costs about $3,000 in contrast. Best States rankings based on the Bureau of Justice Statistics Statistics. What is the US national debt and how has it grown over time? documents in the last year, 86 But its different in prison spending that isnt so easy to run. Eight statesAlaska, California, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New . About 1 in 17 county dollars was spent on jails. ), Ohio should address the demonstrated shortcomings of the cash bail system by expanding the judiciarys access to proven risk-assessment tools that can provide a fairer, more efficient way to keep our communities safe and secure., Santa Clara University School of Law, December, 2014, States would, instead, reallocate money spent on prisons to localities to use as they see fit--on enforcement, treatment, or even per-capita prison usage., Center for American Progress, December, 2014, Estimates put the cost of employment losses among people with criminal records at as much as $65 billion per year in terms of gross domestic product., Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, December, 2014, Most states' prison populations are at historic highs after decades of extraordinary growth. average cost of incarceration per inmate 2020 texas. include documents scheduled for later issues, at the request on According to Vera, the average cost per inmate is over $33,000 per year. Others, including South Dakota and Vermont, rarely write them., [T]he total taxpayer cost of prisons in the 40 states that participated in this study was 13.9 percent higher than the cost reflected in those states' combined corrections budgets. How to Write a Letter to Someone Who is an Inmate in Jail, Bastille Prison France, Paris| Build To Demolished History. But history is watching us, Joanna Thomas, Abdiaziz Ahmed, New York City Criminal Justice Agency, April, 2021, Proper pretrial data collection, analysis, and reporting can help to build systems that meet local needs, save money, improve program practices, and decrease jail crowding., Three out of five people incarcerated in local jails were in smaller cities and rural communities., One's status as being under correctional supervision at release from prison leads to increased debt, which in turn increases the chance of remaining under supervision during the first year out., In 2019, the 57 counties outside New York City -- which are responsible for funding their own jails -- collectively spent more $1.3 billion to staff and run their jails., Ilya Slavinski and Becky Pettit, January, 2021, Enforcement of LFOs varies geographically and is related to conservative politics and racial threat., Washington Corrections Watch, January, 2021, The financial and emotional burdens of incarceration are primarily borne by female family members, most especially in communities of color., Texas Public Policy Coalition, January, 2021, Even a small percentage reduction in the number of annual revocations can potentially yield millions in annual cost savings., Vera Institute of Justice, December, 2020, In 2018, New York state and local governments collected at least $1.21 billion in criminal and traffic fines and fees as revenue., Texas Criminal Justice Coalition, November, 2020, Texas spends the most in the nation on prisons and jails; over the past three decades, it has grown 5x faster than the state's rate of spending on elementary and secondary education., The DOC spent nearly three-quarters of a billion dollars in Fiscal 2020, a 6% increase or nearly $40 million over Fiscal 2019., A national study found that 34 New York localities are about as reliant, if not more reliant, on fines and fees revenue as Ferguson was during the period investigated., The average state cost for the secure confinement of a young person is now $588 per day, or $214,620 per year, a 44 percent increase from 2014., States and local governments have increasingly offloaded core functions of their criminal legal systems--traditionally public services--onto private corporations operating to maximize profit for their owners and shareholders., Sarah Shannon, Beth M. Huebner, Alexes Harris, et al., June, 2020, (Key trends include: the lack of transparent processes in implementing this form of punishment, the wide variation in practices and policies across jurisdictions, and the ways that noncompliance deepens legal entanglements and collateral consequences.

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