Definition of nonohmic : not ohmic specifically, of a circuit : not having the property that a potential difference of one volt produces, What animals are extinct in 2015? The flow depth at the city was just at the level of the second floor, and there were large amounts of debris piled along the streets and in the ground-floor storefronts. iwi galil ace rs regulate; pedestrian killed in london today; holly woodlawn biography; how to change icon size in samsung s21; houston marriott westchase Women in Aceh required a special approach from foreign aid agencies, and continue to have unique needs. At Koh Sriboya, the tsunami advanced inland as a turbulent medium bore, while at Koh Phayam, Ranong Province, the tsunami appeared as a wall of water. A series of huge waves triggered by an earthquake killed more than 230,000 people in 14 countries. As I looked toward the shore of the island, I saw one big wave hit the beach and sweep umbrellas and chairs down into the sea. The southwestern shores are a hotspot for tourists and fishing. Another video from Kamala Beach showed the tsunami flooding the ground floor of a restaurant sweeping away an elderly couple. [86] At Port Blair, the water receded before the first wave, and the third wave was the tallest and caused the most damage. Some 37,000 people are missing. Over 230,000 people died when the massive waves hit the coasts of the countries . [165], Nations all over the world provided over US$14 billion in aid for damaged regions,[166] with the governments of Australia pledging US$819.9 million (including a US$760.6 million aid package for Indonesia), Germany offering US$660 million, Japan offering US$500 million, Canada offering US$343 million, Norway and the Netherlands offering both US$183 million, the United States offering US$35 million initially (increased to US$350 million), and the World Bank offering US$250 million. The day that changed tsunami science. There was 10m (33ft) movement laterally and 45m (1316ft) vertically along the fault line. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The seismograms are arranged vertically by distance from the epicentre in degrees. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Preliminary estimates indicated that 66% of the fishing fleet and industrial infrastructure in coastal regions were destroyed by the wave surges. Video footage revealed torrents of black water, surging by windows of a two-story residential area situated about 3.2km (2.0mi) inland. The film is called The Impossible and is based on the account of Maria Belton, a survivor of the Boxing Day tsunami in 2004. The tsunami and its aftermath were responsible for immense destruction and loss on the rim of the Indian Ocean. Based on scientific surveys from Ayeyarwaddy Delta through Taninthayi Division, it was revealed that tsunami heights along the Myanmar coast were between 0.42.9m (1ft 4in 9ft 6in). Island folklore recounted an earthquake and tsunami in 1907, and the islanders fled to inland hills after the initial shaking and before the tsunami struck. Despite a delay of up to several hours between the earthquake and the impact of the tsunami, nearly all of the victims were taken by surprise. [153][154] The extensive international media coverage of the tsunami, and the role of mass media and journalists in reconstruction, were discussed by editors of newspapers and broadcast media in tsunami-affected areas, in special video-conferences set up by the Asia Pacific Journalism Centre. On the island's east coast, the tsunami contaminated wells on which many villagers relied for drinking water. 1958 Lituya Bay earthquake and megatsunamiTsunami / Biggest Of all the moment released by earthquakes in the 100 years from 1906 through 2005, roughly one eighth was due to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. Khao Lak was the coastal area of Thailand hardest hit by the tsunami resulting from the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. A person will be just swept up in it and carried along as debris; theres no swimming out of a tsunami, Garrison-Laney says. Sri Lanka reported that it had received no foreign government aid, while foreign individuals had been generous. Bowel and bladder conditions may occur together because of issues with. One of the few coastal areas to evacuate ahead of the tsunami was on the Indonesian island of Simeulue, close to the epicentre. But Lang survived. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Severe damage was inflicted on ecosystems such as mangroves, coral reefs, forests, coastal wetlands, vegetation, sand dunes and rock formations, animal and plant biodiversity and groundwater. Helicopter surveys showed entire settlements virtually destroyed with destruction within miles inland, and only some mosques left standing. [79][80][81][82], The tsunami runup height measured in mainland India by Ministry of Home Affairs includes:[82]. [158], The tsunami had a severe humanitarian and political impact in Sweden. At Phuket Province, the island province's western beaches were struck by the tsunami. [99], According to the U.S. Geological Survey, a total of 227,898 people died. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. What was the magnitude of the earthquake that caused the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004? The tsunami in Khao Lak was bigger due to offshore coral reefs and shallow seafloor which caused the tsunami to pile-up. [17] Although the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center has accepted these new numbers, the United States Geological Survey has, as of 2022, so far not changed its estimate of 9.1. with a marginal drop in sea level. Levels remained relatively low for some years. Given that over 51,000 vessels were lost to the tsunami, the industry boomed. A few other African countries also recorded fatalities; one in Kenya, three in Seychelles, ten in Tanzania, and South Africa, where two were killed as a direct result of the tsunamithe furthest from the epicentre. Read about our approach to external linking. The tsunami severely affected the Maldives at a distance of 2,500km (1,600mi) from the epicentre. How many kids died in the 2004 tsunami? Tens of thousands were reported dead or missing in Sri Lanka and India, a large number of them from the Indian Andaman and Nicobar Islands territory. There's new evidence for what happened to people who survived Vesuvius Archaeologist studied tomb inscriptions and matched names to historical records. The sea was observed to rise suddenly before the onset of the first wave. [23] This quake, together with the Great Alaskan earthquake (1964) and the Great Chilean earthquake (1960), account for almost half of the total moment. [170] Many charities were given considerable donations from the public. The tsunami destroyed settlements at Hut Bay within a range of 1km (0.62mi) from the seashore. It inundated five square miles of land and cleared hundreds of thousands of trees. south east england accent; spend billionaires money game; kaplan data entry work from home. Answer 3: Tsunamis are generated by waves due to vertical motion of Earth's crust caused by earthquakes. A regular passenger train operating between Maradana and Matara was derailed and overturned by the tsunami and claimed at least 1,700 lives, the largest single rail disaster death toll in history. A great deal of humanitarian aid was needed because of widespread damage to the infrastructure, shortages of food and water, and economic damage. [126], Salted-over soil becomes sterile, and it is difficult and costly to restore for agriculture. [139], Countries in the region appealed to tourists to return, pointing out that most tourist infrastructure is undamaged. The tsunami of 2004 and the little girl in the Christmas dress; . We had a plan to handle a disaster of a massive scale. A person will be just swept up in it and carried along as debris; theres no swimming out of a tsunami, Garrison-Laney says. Box 4666, Ventura, CA 93007 Request a Quote: petersburg, va register of deeds CSDA Santa Barbara County Chapter's General Contractor of the Year 2014! Just clear tips and lifehacks for every day. I hopped back in my truck and drove up the hill. Answer: I resided in Banda Aceh when tsunami occured back in 2004. my home located around 4.5 km from the sea, which is ulee lheue beach. [55] Tsunami detection is not easy because while a tsunami is in deep water, it has little height and a network of sensors is needed to detect it. But we didn't have a plan for something this big. Most of the victims were reported along the low-lying Xaafuun Peninsula. Many people who survived the first wave may have gone to the shore to help others or check on their property, not knowing that a tsunami can be multiple waves spaced many minutes to 1 or 2 hours apart. The earthquake was the third-largest ever recorded based upon seismographic measurements, the largest in the 21st century and had the longest duration of faulting ever observed, between eight and ten minutes. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. play prodigy parent login P.O. Our speedboat was getting closer to the shore. In February 2005, scientists revised the estimate of the magnitude to 9.0. At the same time, it arrived in the state of Kerala, on the southwestern coast. In deep ocean water, tsunami waves form only a low, broad hump, barely noticeable and harmless, which generally travels at high speed of 500 to 1,000km/h (310 to 620mph); in shallow water near coastlines, a tsunami slows down to only tens of kilometres per hour but, in doing so, forms large destructive waves. One of the survivors, a man named Cornelius . These tales and oral folklore from previous generations may have helped the survival of the inhabitants. People with IBS are more likely to have urinary incontinence or overactive bladder. Which celebrity lost their parents in the tsunami? 26, 2004, when a 9.1 magnitude earthquake off the Indonesian coast sent tidal wave speeding toward Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and Sri Lanka. [97][98], Tidal surges also occurred along the Western Australian coast that lasted for several hours, resulting in boats losing their moorings and two people needing to be rescued. The 2002 Sumatra earthquake is believed to have been a foreshock, preceding the main event by over two years. By 19:00, hundreds of dead bodies start to arrive. The third wave was the strongest, with a maximum tsunami wave height of 11m (36ft). Although the extreme western edge of the Ring of Fire extends into the Indian Ocean (the point where the earthquake struck), no warning system exists in that ocean. According to interviews, the second wave was the largest. [62], The tsunami devastated the coastline of Aceh province, about 20 minutes after the earthquake. Interviews with the locals revealed that the sea temporarily receded and exposed coral reefs. The time between the waves ranged from about 15 minutes to 90 minutes. Because of its enormous energy release and shallow rupture depth, the earthquake generated remarkable seismic ground motions around the globe, particularly due to huge Rayleigh (surface) elastic waves that exceeded 10mm (0.4in) in vertical amplitude everywhere on Earth. This is unusual since earthquakes of magnitude eight or more occur only about once per year on average. As well, the tsunami was large enough to be detected in Vancouver, which puzzled many scientists, as the tsunamis measured in some parts of South America were larger than those measured in some parts of the Indian Ocean. Then dead bodies started to come in. Being rich in coral reefs, the Maldives provides an opportunity for scientists to assess the impact of a tsunami on coral atolls. Unicef officials estimate that of the 30,000 people killed by the tsunamis in Sri Lanka, at least 10,000 were children. It wasn't the earthquake that destroyed japan it was the tsunami that followed. Indonesia was the worst affected area, with most death toll estimates at around 170,000. The aftershock would be considered a major earthquake under ordinary circumstances but is dwarfed by the mainshock. An unusually high number of the victims appear to have been children, lost to epic waves that swept away the weak, the old and the young. [44] These satellites carry radars that measure precisely the height of the water surface; anomalies in the order of 500mm (20in) were measured. How many people died in the Boxing Day tsunami? Miraculously, all five family members survived. Tsunamis are giant waves that are produced when a large volume of water is displaced in an ocean or large lake by an earthquake, volcanic eruption, underwater landslide or meteorite. [148], Many health professionals and aid workers have reported widespread psychological trauma associated with the tsunami. [82] The worst affected area in Tamil Nadu was Nagapattinam district, with 6,051 fatalities caused by a 5m (16ft) tsunami, followed by Cuddalore district, with many villages destroyed. A rise in sea level was observed before the first wave came within 5 minutes of the earthquake. The northern rupture occurred more slowly than in the south, at about 2.1km/s (1.3mi/s; 7,600km/h; 4,700mph), continuing north for another five minutes to a plate boundary where the fault type changes from subduction to strike-slip (the two plates slide past one another in opposite directions). [156] In response, the Indian Minister of Home Affairs announced that a fresh onslaught of deadly tsunami was likely along the southern Indian coast and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, even as there was no sign of turbulence in the region. As well as the sideways movement between the plates, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake resulted in a rise of the seafloor by several metres, displacing an estimated 30km3 (7.2cumi) of water and triggering devastating tsunami waves. A video, taken by a local restaurant manager from a hill adjacent to the beach, showed that the tsunami's arrival was preceded by a sudden retreat of the sea exposing the seafloor. [162], The changes in the distribution of masses inside the Earth due to the earthquake had several consequences. He told us to find a big ship and get up there. [82] Velankanni a sea shore town with a Catholic Basilica and a popular pilgrimage destination was also one of the worst hit by this tsunami that struck at around 9.30 am on that Sunday, when pilgrims who were mostly from Kerala among others were inside the church attending the Malayalam Mass. Proudly powered by WordPress | The tsunami that struck Indonesia in 2004 obliterated vast areas of Aceh province. "Ministers Admit Handling of Tsunami Crisis Caused Suffering - Radio Sweden", "Indian Ocean Tsunami Information Center | Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System | What is IOTWS", National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "United Nations: World Food Programme: Report on the Tsunami Crisis", "The Asian Tsunami: Aid and Reconstruction after a Disaster", "The Rise, Fall, and Rebirth of the 'Quad', "The international humanitarian system and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunamis", "15 tsunami aid staff executed in Sri Lanka", "Book Review: The Killing Sea by Richard Lewis", M9.1 Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake & Tsunami, 2004, Asian Tsunami Anniversary Thailand Tsunami Then and Now Comparison Series, Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on India, International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission, Yemen Relief and Reconstruction Foundation, Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Weeks, United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami&oldid=1140970089, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018, All Wikipedia articles needing words, phrases or quotes attributed, Wikipedia articles needing words, phrases or quotes attributed from September 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 1530m (4998ft) on the west coast of Aceh, 612m (2039ft) on the Banda Aceh coast, 36m (9.819.7ft) on the north coast of, 3m (9.8ft) on the opposite side of the coast of Weh Island facing the tsunami, 36m (9.819.7ft) along the west coast of Phuket island, 3m (9.8ft) along the south coast of Phuket island, 2m (6ft 7in) along the east coast of Phuket island, 5m (16ft) at Hat Praphat (Ranong Coastal Resources Research Station), 3.4m (11ft) at Kerala, inundation distance of 0.51.5km (0.310.93mi) with 250km (160mi) of coastline affected, 4.5m (15ft) at the southern coastline of Tamil Nadu, inundation distance of 0.22km (0.121.24mi) with 100km (62mi) of coastline affected, 5m (16ft) at the eastern coastline of Tamil Nadu facing tsunami source, inundation distance of 0.41.5km (0.250.93mi) with 800km (500mi) of coastline affected, 4m (13ft) at Pondicherry, inundation distance of 0.22km (0.121.24mi) with 25km (16mi) of coastline affected, 2.2m (7.2ft) at Andhra Pradesh, inundation distance of 0.21km (0.120.62mi) with 985km (612mi) of coastline affected, 5m (16ft) in maximum tsunami height with a run-up of 4.24m (13.9ft) at Chiriyatapu Beach, 5.5m (18ft) in maximum tsunami height and run-up at Corbyn's Cove Beach, 6.6m (22ft) in maximum tsunami height and run-up of 4.63m (15.2ft) at Wandoor Beach, 1.5m (4ft 11in) at Diglipur and Rangat at North Andaman Island, 1012m (3339ft) high at Malacca (in Car Nicobar Island) and at Hut Bay on, 3m (9.8ft) high at Port Blair on South Andaman Island, 1.32.4m (4ft 3in 7ft 10in) at North Male Atoll, Male Island, 2m (6ft 7in) at North Male Atoll, Huhule Island, 1.72.8m (5ft 7in 9ft 2in) at South Male Atoll, Embudhu Finothu, 2.53.3m (8ft 2in 10ft 10in) at Laamu Atoll, Fonadhoo Island, 2.22.9m (7ft 3in 9ft 6in) at Laamu Atoll, Gan Island, 2.33m (7ft 7in 9ft 10in) at North Male Atoll, Dhiffushi Island, 2.22.4m (7ft 3in 7ft 10in) at North Male Atoll, Huraa Island, more than 1.5m (4ft 11in) at North Male Atoll, Kuda Huraa Island, 0.62.3m (2ft 0in 7ft 7in) around the Ayeyarwady delta, Paint the Sky with Stars, Selected Poetry in Remembrance of the Boxing Day Tsunami 2004 (2005) edited by, This page was last edited on 22 February 2023, at 18:17. Earthquake and subsequent tsunami in the Indian Ocean, Campbell, Matthew; Loveard, Keith; et al. [135][136] In Sri Lanka, artisanal fishery, in which the use of fish baskets, fishing traps, and spears are commonly used, is an important source of fish for local markets; industrial fishery is the major economic activity, providing direct employment to about 250,000 people. The survey, conducted using a high-resolution, multi-beam sonar system, revealed that the earthquake had made a considerable impact on the topography of the seabed. The epicenter was just off the coast [146], Before 2004, the tsunami created in both Indian and Pacific Ocean waters by the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, thought to have resulted in anywhere from 36,000 to 120,000 deaths, had probably been the deadliest in the region. I noticed the temple ground covered in blood and lymph. [75] Estimates based on the state of the shoreline and a high-water mark on a nearby building place the tsunami 7.59m (2530ft) above sea level and 23m (6ft 7in 9ft 10in) higher than the top of the train. How many people died in the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004? This considerably outweighed the allocation by the government to disaster relief and reconstruction of 75 million and came to an average of about 5.50 (US$10) donated by every citizen. I told my team: 'What a perfect day to be in the sea. The eastern shores of Sri Lanka were the hardest hit since it faced the epicentre of the earthquake, while the southwestern shores were hit later, but the death toll was just as severe. On the island of Pulau Weh, strong surges were experienced in the port of Sabang, yet there was little damage with reported runup values of 35m (9.816.4ft), most likely due to the island being sheltered from the direct attack by the islands to the south-west. Because of the distances involved, the tsunami took anywhere from fifteen minutes to seven hours to reach the coastlines. As the flood got closer, it started to pick up speed. Did Karl ever find his family in the impossible? Weeks after the earthquake, theoretical models suggested the earthquake shortened the length of a day by 2.68 microseconds, due to a decrease in the oblateness of the Earth. This may affect rehabilitation work to follow. What was the death toll in the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004? The tsunami heights recorded:[76][77]. VideoRussian minister laughed at for Ukraine war claims, The children left behind in Cuba's mass exodus, Xi Jinping's power grab - and why it matters, Snow, Fire and Lights: Photos of the Week. Australia, India, Japan and the United States formed an ad-hoc corroborative group, and it was the origin of Quadrilateral Security Dialogue. 1,720 foot The shift of mass and the massive release of energy slightly altered the Earth's rotation. [35] This energy is equivalent to over 1,500 times that of the Hiroshima atomic bomb, but less than that of Tsar Bomba, the largest nuclear weapon ever detonated. [36], The earthquake generated a seismic oscillation of the Earth's surface of up to 200300mm (812in), equivalent to the effect of the tidal forces caused by the Sun and Moon. At that point, I still had no idea what had happened. Close in, tsunami waves reached about 100 m in height. The Persson Cabinet was heavily criticized for its inaction. Each of these megathrust earthquakes also spawned tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean. Maldives Report", "Death toll in Asian tsunami disaster tops 159,000", "Asian tsunami death toll passes 144,000", "Tsunami Evaluation Coalition: Initial Findings", "On the weak impact of the 26 December Indian Ocean tsunami on the Bangladesh coast", "The South Sandwich Islands earthquake of 27 June 1929: seismological study and inference on tsunami risk for the southern Atlantic", "YEMEN: Tsunami damage over US$1 million UNEP assessment", "Helping restore the quality of drinking water after the tsunami". By February 2005, the earthquake's effects were still detectable as a 20m (0.02mm; 0.0008in) complex harmonic oscillation of the Earth's surface, which gradually diminished and merged with the incessant free oscillation of the Earth more than four months after the earthquake.[37]. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Ahead of the 15th anniversary of the tragedy, BBC Thai's Chaiyot Yongcharoenchai visited southern Thailand, which was devastated by the tsunami. Theme: Envo Blog. Then I went back home, right behind the temple. Yet more than 60,000 people in other countries could have been saved; they would have had at least an hour to move away from the shoreline if they had had some warning. What is the deadliest tsunami in history? [155], The tsunami left both the people and government of India in a state of heightened alert. The Indian Plate is part of the great Indo-Australian Plate, which underlies the Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal, and is moving north-east at an average of 60mm/a (0.075in/Ms). Geological Survey of India Special Publication no. I contacted him, but I was unable to reach him. . Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. [168], According to USAID, the US has pledged additional funds in long-term U.S. support to help the tsunami victims rebuild their lives. The north bay of Phi Phi Don Island opens to the north-west in the direction of the tsunami. A series of huge waves triggered by an earthquake killed more than 230,000 people in 14 countries. The undersea megathrust earthquake, known by the scientific community as the SumatraAndaman earthquake,[10][11] was caused by a rupture along the fault between the Burma Plate and the Indian Plate, and reached a Mercalli intensity up to IX in some areas. Tens of thousands were reported dead or missing in Sri Lanka and India, a large number of them from the Indian Andaman and Nicobar Islands territory. If anything happens, just stay afloat in this life vest. Early speculation was that some of the smaller islands south-west of Sumatra, which is on the Burma Plate (the southern regions are on the Sunda Plate), might have moved south-west by up to 36m (120ft), but more accurate data released more than a month after the earthquake found the movement to be about 0.2m (8in). All I knew was I had to help people. It was 3:00 p.m. on Christmas day, 2004 when Stuart Weinstein's pager buzzed in the operations room at the Pacific Tsunami . Amateur video recorded taken at a resort beach showed the tsunami arriving as a large wall of water as it approached the coast and flooding it as it advanced inland. I got a request to go to a supermarket on the beach road where many people were trapped inside. [77] Moreover, the largest death toll occurred at Khao Lak, with about 5,000 people killed. In recent years the fishery industry has emerged as a dynamic export-oriented sector, generating substantial foreign exchange earnings. It didn't take long before the whole city was in mayhem. The raising of the seafloor significantly reduced the capacity of the Indian Ocean, producing a permanent rise in the global sea level by an estimated 0.1mm (0.004in).[27]. It has been 10 years since the Indian Ocean tsunami and earthquake devastated . I was looking for the nearest way out but I knew I wouldn't be able to make it. Many people died including many foreign tourists. It inundated five square miles of land and cleared hundreds of thousands of trees. Interview by Hidayatullah for BBC Indonesian. The sudden vertical rise of the seabed by several metres during the earthquake displaced massive volumes of water, resulting in a tsunami that struck the coasts of the Indian Ocean. I was shocked and worried since my son had gone to work in Khao Lak [on the mainland coast north of Phuket]. Numerous aftershocks were reported off the Andaman Islands, the Nicobar Islands and the region of the original epicentre in the hours and days that followed. Other videos recorded showed that the tsunami appeared like a flood raging inland. They said they needed a place to put dead bodies from the wave so I had to be on standby at the temple waiting for the hospital to deliver the bodies. I did this many times but my husband had never seen the underwater world. . Then I got hungry, so I drove toward the beach in order to find something to eat. [130][131], Evidence suggested that the presence of mangroves in coastal areas had provided some protection, when compared to areas that had been cleared for aquaculture or development. Many of these tourists were caught off-guard by the tsunami, as they had no prior warning. Also, in the minutes preceding a tsunami strike, the sea sometimes recedes temporarily from the coast, which was observed on the eastern earthquake rupture zone such as the coastlines of Aceh, Phuket island, and Khao Lak area in Thailand, Penang island of Malaysia, and the Andaman and Nicobar islands. The Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 lasted for seven hours and reached out across the Indian Ocean, devastating coastal areas of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Maldives, and Thailand, and as far away as East Africa. Local camcorder footage showed the tsunami surging inland and flooding camping equipment at the Similan Islands while the tsunami caught tourists unaware at the Surin Islands, and dragging them out towards the sea. [58] John Chroston, a biology teacher from Scotland, also recognised the signs at Kamala Bay north of Phuket, taking a busload of vacationers and locals to safety on higher ground. The deadliest-known earthquake in history occurred in 1556 in Shaanxi, China, with an estimated death toll of 830,000, though figures from this period may not be as reliable. In one area of the Strait, water depths were previously up to 1,200m (4,000ft), and are now only 30m (100ft) in some areas, making shipping impossible and dangerous. How long did the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 last? [45] Unlike data from tide gauges installed on shores, measurements obtained in the middle of the ocean can be used for computing the parameters of the source earthquake without having to compensate for the complex ways in which proximity to the coast changes the size and shape of a wave.
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