The Legacy of Black Hawk Down | History | Smithsonian Magazine Despite Montgomery's objections, Howe put a price on Aidid's head by ordering leaflets to be dropped in Mogadishu offering a $25,000 reward for the capture of the warlord.12 After a few skirmishes following Howe's bounty, the SNA backed off a bit. The history of the. [15][74] With Durant now in his possession as hostage, Aidid later claimed in interview with journalists to have ordered a corridor to be opened up for the Americans as dawn broke. Radio was the most popular medium for news in Somalia, and consequently control of the airwaves was considered vital to both the SNA and UNOSOM. 1st Class Randall Shughart and Master Sgt. Blackburn received severe injuries and required evacuation by a column of three Humvees. Under intense fire, the team moved the wounded men to a nearby collection point, where they built a makeshift shelter using kevlar armor plates salvaged from Super 61's wreckage. Michael Durant was released after 11 days of captivity. Oct. 4, 2013 <br>WASHINGTON -- As U.S. veterans of the October 1993 "Black Hawk Down" battle in Somalia honor their . [134], The United Nation's three consecutive humanitarian missions in Somalia (UNOSOM I 1992, UNITAF 19921993, UNISOM II 19931995) were seen by many as a failure, and the evolving civil war that began in 1986 continues as of 2020. While taking Blackburn back to base, Sergeant Dominick Pilla, assigned to one of the Humvees being pelted with heavy fire from the surrounding buildings, was killed instantly when a bullet struck his head, marking the first American death of the battle. The Day of the Rangers - a bloody Battle of Mogadishu [141], Osama bin Laden's Al-Qaeda organization has been alleged to have been involved in the training and funding of Aidid's men. 60 soldiers from 'Black Hawk Down' battle to have valor awards upgraded The city's two main hospitals reported that 23 Somalis had been killed and that more than 100 had been wounded. Clarke, Walter, and Herbst, Jeffrey, editors, Dauber, Cori Elizabeth. [87] Then, two Black Hawks carrying the second Delta assault team led by Delta Captain Austin S. Miller came into position and dropped their teams as the four Ranger chalks prepared to rope onto the four corners surrounding the target building. The battle is now referred to as the First Battle of Mogadishu to distinguish it from the Second Battle of Mogadishu of 2006. They had been hit while orbiting almost directly over the wreckage of Super 61 at around 16:40 and crashed in an upright position into a group of tin shacks, narrowly avoiding the large buildings in the area (020249.7N 451935.1E / 2.047139N 45.326417E / 2.047139; 45.326417). PDF Battle of Mogadishu - Army University Press 'Black Hawk Down': Video shows crash that kicked off fateful mission ), was published in 2001 by Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. Boulder, Colorado and London, England. Nr. Somali insurgents dragged soldiers' bodies through the streets of Mogadishu before burning them on Wednesday in heavy fighting that killed at least 16 people and injured scores more, witnesses said. Battle of Mogadishu hero passes, leaves behind legacy [104] Mark Bowden's book Black Hawk Down estimates more than 700 Somali militiamen dead and more than 1,000 wounded. [74][80], The ground-extraction convoy was supposed to reach the captive targets a few minutes after the operation's beginning, but it ran into delays. [136] Critics claim that Osama bin Laden and other members of al-Qaeda provided support and training to Mohammed Farrah Aidid's forces. [4], Somali civilians suffered heavy casualties due to the dense urban character of the portion of Mogadishu that fighting took place in. [65] The crash site was then overran and all the crew members were killed except Durant. The international community began to send food supplies to halt the starvation, but significant amounts were hijacked and brought to local clan leaders, who routinely exchanged it with other countries for weapons. [21] The Somali National Army concurrently disbanded, and some former soldiers reconstituted as irregular regional forces or joined the clan militias. [80], Knowing the Americans were well entrenched in defensive positions they had taken on the four houses on Freedom Road, Col. Giumale ordered six 60mm mortars emplaced between 21 October Road and Armed Forces Street to obliterate the buildings. Army to upgrade 60 medals for 'Black Hawk Down' soldiers On October 4th, 1993, gunfire still rocked Mogadishu, the Somalian capital, in the longest continuous firefight American troops had been involved in since Vietnam. [152], Lieutenant Colonel Michael Whetstone, Company Commander of Charlie Company 214 Infantry, published his memoirs of the heroic rescue operation of Task Force Ranger in his book Madness in Mogadishu (2013). The soldiers, vehicle convoys, and helicopters were on stand by at Mogadishu International Airport until the code word "Irene" was called across all the radio channels by command, signaling the commencement of the operation. The C-130s delivered 48,000 tons of food and medical supplies in six months to international humanitarian organizations trying to help Somalia's more than three million starving people. Aidid would later send a dispatch agreeing with Giumales decision to halt the mortars, as he did not want the local civilian population to turn against the SNA. Black Hawk Down Green Berets to have awards upgraded A deployment package of 16 helicopters and personnel from the 1st Battalion, C Squadron, 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (1st SFOD-D) aka, Combat Controllers and Pararescuemen from the 24th Special Tactics Squadron, BLT 1/9 Battalion Landing Team 1st Battalion/ 9th Marines/ 13th MEU (Marine Expeditionary Unit/ USS, 2nd Battalion "Attack", 25th Aviation Regiment, 41st Engineer Battalion, 10th Mountain Division. [150], In 2011, Staff Sergeant Keni Thomas, a U.S. Army Ranger recounted the combat experience in a memoir titled Get It On! This was the first time M1 Abrams tanks were delivered by air, using the C-5 Galaxies, which delivered 18 M1 tanks and 44 Bradley infantry vehicles,[133] while the balance of Task Force Rogues equipment and vehicles were delivered via a roll-on/roll-off ship sent from Fort Stewart (Hinesville), Georgia, to Mogadishu to provide armored support for U.S. 18 Silver Stars: Rangers Recognized in Fort Benning Ceremony [130][131] Garrison would write, however, that Aspin was not to blame for the events in Mogadishu. [27][28] According to an estimate made in November 1994 by the Washington-based Refugee Policy Group NGO, approximately 100,000 lives were saved as a result of international assistance, 10,000 of which had been saved following the deployment of U.S. troops in December 1992. Enraged local residents who had seen the crash amassed in crowd surged toward Super 64. [100], The Somali casualties were a mixture of militiamen, irregulars/volunteers, and local civilians, and the exact number of dead is unknown. Operation Gothic Serpent was fought on October 3 and 4, 1993, in Mogadishu, Somalia, between forces of the United States, supported by UNOSOM II, and Somali militia fighters loyal to the self-proclaimed president-to-be Mohamed Farrah Aidid who had support from armed civilian fighters. The Battle of Mogadishu is a famous battle that was fought in 1993. Veterans reflect on Battle of Mogadishu - United States Army As famine stalked the land, Somalia broke up into a patchwork of warlord enclaves. [165].mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}, Coordinates: 20309N 451929E / 2.05250N 45.32472E / 2.05250; 45.32472, The August killings and the deployment of Task Force Ranger, Somali National Alliance and Irregular forces, Policy changes and political implications, Security Council, Resolution 837, United Nations Doc. Four Rangers, CPL Jamie Smith, SP4 James Cavaco, SGT James Joyce, and SGT Richard Kowalewski were killed on the Lost Convoy. [153], Bowden's book has been adapted into the film Black Hawk Down (2001), produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and directed by Ridley Scott. On 7 February 1995, the Operation United Shield multi-national fleet arrived and began the withdrawal of UNOSOM II's forces. Chapter 20: 8 The Battle of Mogadishu - Understanding Urban Warfare Led by Delta Captain Bill J. Coultrup, Sergeant Scott C. Fales, and Sergeant Timothy A. Wilkinson, the 15 man CSAR team were able to fast rope down to the Super 61 crash site. [23], The United Nations' intervention, backed by U.S. Marines,has been credited with helping end the famine in Somalia, though the starvation had been improving in the worst affected areas before any significant deployment of troops. Eighteen soldiers died, and 73 were wounded, during the Battle of Mogadishu. FORT DRUM, N.Y. -- On Oct. 3, 1993, Soldiers of 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment, took part in one of the bloodiest battles American Soldiers had seen since Vietnam. Gary Gordon were posthumously awarded the Medal of . The Battle of Mogadishu 25 years later: How the fateful fight changed Being chairman of the organization, the hunt for Aidid would characterize most of the U.N. intervention from that point on up until the Battle of Mogadishu. Sixty Gothic Serpent veterans to receive upgraded valor awards - Army Times Somalia - Home of Heroes [22] The main rebel group in the capital Mogadishu was the United Somali Congress (USC),[21] which later divided into two armed factions: one led by Ali Mahdi Muhammad, who later became president; and the other by Mohamed Farrah Aidid which would become known as USC/SNA. The U.S. Marine Corps landed the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit MEUSOC in Mogadishu with elements of 2nd Battalion 9th Marines and 3rd Battalion 11th Marines and secured key facilities within two weeks, with the intent to facilitate humanitarian actions. [80] A significant element of the volunteers consisted of seniors, women and children who utilized small arms. The Battle Of Mogadishu - Military Veterans and Patriots The raid was only intended to last an hour, but morphed into an overnight standoff and rescue operation extending into the daylight hours of the next day. 'Black Hawk Down' Anniversary: Al Qaeda's Hidden Hand It was clear that the Americans greatest technological advantage in Mogadishuand its Achilles' heel, the helicopter, had to be neutralized during one of the ranger raids. [14], In the aftermath of the battle, dead American soldiers were dragged through the streets of Mogadishu by enraged Somalis, an act which was broadcast to public outcry on American television. [74], In the half hour following the loss of Super 64, desperate U.S. commanders unsuccessfully attempted to relieve the besieged troops. Soldiers Killed in Somalia: Africa: Clinton pledges 'appropriate action.' Zubeyr named Yusef al-Ayeri, Saif al-Adel, and Sheikh Abu al Hasan al-Sa'idi as providing help through training or participating in the battle themselves. [89], Witnesses reported the Humvee column arrived back at base, riddled with bullet holes and emitting smoke from the barrage of heavy fire it had received. [49], In the view of Robert B. Oakley, "Before July 12th, the U.S. would have been attacked only because of association with the UN, but the U.S. was never singled out until after July 12th". [70][71], Though Mohamed Farah Aidid had hours earlier given the order to Colonel Sharif Hassan Giumale to prevent the escape of any American soldiers, he had begun to become increasingly concerned with the mounting Somali death toll and the prospect of a severe and endless cycle of retaliation if the remaining U.S. troops holding out were killed by his militia. Officials described the attack as a blow to the SNA's command structure,[41] and a set back for the hardliners, opening the way for more cooperative members to take power. [74][93], Back at the first crash site, about 90 Rangers and Delta Force operators found themselves under heavy Somali fire. [30][31][34], A $25,000 warrant was issued by Admiral Jonathan Howe for information leading to Aidid's arrest and UNOSOM forces began attacking targets all over Mogadishu in hopes of finding him. Our lack of response in Rwanda was a fear of getting involved in something like a Somalia all over again. According to the 1994 United Nations Inquiry in the events leading up to the Battle of Mogadishu: "Opinions differ, even among UNOSOM officials, on whether the weapons inspections of 5 June 1993 was genuine or was merely a cover-up for reconnaissance and subsequent seizure of Radio Mogadishu. [137], The loss of U.S. military personnel during the Battle of Mogadishu and television images of American soldiers being dragged through the streets by Somalis evoked public outcry. [154], Malaysian film Bakara, directed by Adrian Teh, retells the story of Malaysian contingent of UNOSOM II involvement during the rescue operation in the battle. Operation Restore Hope, Battle of Mogadishu,1993 [9][10][11], On 3 October 1993, U.S. forces planned to seize two of Aidid's high-ranking lieutenants during a meeting deep in the city. [81], The plan to capture the targets was relatively straightforward. In the morning, a UNOSOMII armored convoy fought their way to the besieged soldiers and withdrew, incurring further casualties but eventually rescuing the survivors. [13][74] Many volunteers would not actually partake in combat, but instead operated as reconnaissance or runners for SNA troops. "[90] The militia fighters, in organized squads, quickly began to fan in and out of nearby buildings, alleys and trees to avoid the Little Bird helicopters converging to cover the wreck of Super 61. [88], SNA soldiers in the area began calling out local residents, shouting on megaphones, "Come out and defend your homes! Experienced fighters supplemented the main forces with RPG-7 grenade launchers, sniper rifles, mortars, mines and machine guns. [15], The non-SNA volunteers, mostly untrained civilians turned combatant with grievances against UNOSOM troops, were a significant issue for Somali National Alliance commanders as they complicated situation on the ground and often got themselves killed with their inexperience. 1st Class Randall D. Shughar t, 35, of Newville, Pennsylvania who had been listed as missing and unaccounted for in the attack,. [10][74] Human rights abuses and killings by peacekeepers, U.S. military airstrikes in heavily populated neighborhoods resulting in civilian casualties, forced evictions for UN compound expansions and the difficulty of receiving legal recourse for wrongs committed by United Nations forces all inflamed the growing animosity of the civilian population of Mogadishu. [62] A document recovered from al-Qaeda operative Wadih el-Hage's computer "made a tentative link between al-Qaeda and the killing of American servicemen in Somalia," and were used to indict bin Laden in June 1998. A small contingent of America's various elite special forces was sent to collect two henchmen of the violent Somalian warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid and the warlord himself if they could manage. Somalia Battle Killed 12 Americans, Wounded 78 [74][80], After the battle, the bodies of several of the conflict's U.S. casualties (Black Hawk Super 64's crewmembers and their defenders, Delta Force soldiers MSG Gordon and SFC Shughart) were dragged through Mogadishu's streets by a large crowd of Somalis. Ten C-130s and 400 people were deployed to Mombasa, Kenya, airlifting aid to Somalia's remote areas and reducing reliance on truck convoys. [80], A combat search and rescue (CSAR) team was dispatched via Black Hawk Super 68. The Pakistani forces suffered 24 dead and 57 wounded, as well as one wounded Italian and three wounded American soldiers. Somalis. How Brad Paisley united Americans on the left and right with his song Almost immediately after the first landing pilot began noticing small arms fire. [139], Fear of a repeat of the events in Somalia shaped U.S. policy in subsequent years, with many commentators identifying the Battle of Mogadishu's graphic consequences as the key reason behind the U.S.'s decision to not intervene in later conflicts such as the Rwandan genocide of 1994. Somali citizens and local militia formed barricades along Mogadishu's streets with rocks, wreckage, rubbish and burning tires, impeding the convoy from reaching the Rangers and their captives. The SNA claimed a much lower casualty rate acknowledging only 133 troops killed in the whole battle. In a ceremony at Fort Benning, Georgia, 18 Army Rangers who fought in the Battle of Mogadishu in 1993 received Silver Stars Friday, Oct. 1, for their actions in the mission known as Operation Gothic Serpent. [80], The CSAR team found both the pilots dead and two wounded inside the crashed helicopter. Pentagon releases Somalia casualty list - UPI Archives Australian military . [80], At 13:50, Task Force Ranger analysts received intelligence of Omar Salad's location. [35], On the morning of 12 July 1993, a strike by the 10th Mountain Division of the QRF in Mogadishu led to the Abdi House raid. The battle was fought between a United States Special Forces team and Somali rebels loyal to the self-proclaimed Somalian president-to-be Mohamed Farrah Aidid. tributed a total of 38,000 soldiers for the humani-tarian operation. [40], According to U.N. officials, the attack was timed to kill Aidid's chief lieutenants and carried out accurately, with damage and casualties confined to the compound. Five journalists were killed, resulting in the pullout of numerous media organizations in Mogadishu which contributed to the lack of coverage of the October 34 battle. [37][41] Mark Bowden would note that every eyewitness he interviewed placed the number of dead at 70 or more and that former ambassador and U.S. special envoy to Somalia Robert B. Oakley accepted this figure. [2][105] Aidid himself claimed that only 315civilians and militiawere killed and 812 wounded. But he is best remembered for playing battle-hardened soldiers in two films - Steven Spielberg's 1998 World War Two epic "Saving Private Ryan" Ridley Scott's 2001 portrayal of the U.S. military's . Battle of Mogadishu 1993 - America's Special Forces and Rangers Col. Danny McKnight, the commander of the Third Battalion, 75th Rangers, which carried out the attack, reported to Maj. Gen. William Garrison, the commander of the Joint Special Operations. [160], The Seconds from Disaster television series spotlighted the raid-and-rescue mission in the season 7 episode "Chopper Down", which aired in February 2018. During the UNOSOM hunt for Aidid, the SNA was composed multiple political organizations such as, Col. Omar Gess' Somali Patriotic Movement, the Somali Democratic Movement, the combined Digil and Mirifleh clans, the Habr Gedir of the United Somali Congress headed by Aidid, and the newly established Southern Somali National Movement. [143] While he had previously claimed responsibility for the ambush,[144] bin Laden denied having orchestrated the attack on the U.S. soldiers in Mogadishu but expressed delight at their deaths in battle against Somali fighters. While we work closely with many different organizations and entities, we are not directly affiliated with nor governed by the federal government, military or any other organizations. [87] American aircrew noticed soon after takeoff that Somalis had started to light burning tires around the city, a tactic the SNA had previously used to signal incursions and initiate counterattacks. After the massacre, clan members took up arms to follow Aidid, creating a larger enemy for U.S. forces to face on October 3, 1993 during the Battle of Mogadishu, the disastrous military. HELICOPTER ASSAULT IN SOMALIA TARGETED AIDEED'S TOP COMMANDERS", "United States Forces, Somalia After Action Report and Historical Overview: The United States Army in Somalia, 19921994", United States Army Center of Military History, "U.N. REPORT CRITICIZES MILITARY TACTICS OF SOMALIA PEACE KEEPERS", "A little-known massacre explains Somalian hatred", "Hoover Institution - Policy Review - African Atrocities and the "Rest of the World", "African Atrocities and the Rest of the World", "4 U.S. Like the book, the film describes events surrounding the operation, but there are differences between the book and the film, such as Rangers marking targets at night by throwing strobe lights at them, when in reality the Rangers marked their own positions and close air support targeted everything else. Men die when vehicle hits land mine in area dominated by supporters of warlord Mohammed Farah Aidid", "These Secret Helicopters Were Flown By A Shadowy Unit During The Battle of Mogadishu", "Rangers Honor Fallen Brothers of Operation Gothic Serpent", "3 Killed as U.S. Chopper Is Shot Down in Somalia", "3 GIS KILLED AS SOMALIS DOWN HELICOPTER", "Background Information For Operation Restore Hope", "Hard Day's Night: A Retrospective on the American Intervention in Somalia", "This Ranger fought in Mogadishu before becoming a country music star", "On this Day, October 3, 1993, Battle of Mogadishu (Black Hawk Down)", "Interviews - Captain Haad | Ambush in Mogadishu | FRONTLINE | PBS", "U.S. AC-130 GUNSHIPS PATROL OVER SOMALI CAPITAL", "Interviews Ambassador Robert Oakley | Ambush in Mogadishu | FRONTLINE", "Somalia Battle Killed 12 Americans, Wounded 78", "Silver Star Awards in Somalia during Operation Restore Hope", "SFC Matthew Rierson - Airborne Ranger in the Sky", "Long Valley man: Ranger son's death won't be in vain", "Congressional Record, Volume 140 Issue 76 (Thursday, June 16, 1994)", "Who Is Bin Laden? [24] Some estimates placed the amount of food aid being stolen at 80 percent, while other estimates claimed a far lower estimate of 20 percent. [81] Delta operators would then assault the target building using MH-6 Little Bird helicopters, and secure the targets inside the building. A raid that was meant to take less than an hour turned into a harrowing, 15-hour long running battle. Before the assault was carried out an SNA officer came to Col. Giumale with the relatives of the Somalis detained in the homes and warned that there were women and children present in the building. Member of 2nd Squad, 2nd Platoon, Company A. The Battle of Mogadishu (also referred to as the "Battle of the Black Sea") or for Somalis Ma-alinti Rangers ("The Day of the Rangers") was a battle that was part of Operation Gothic Serpent that was fought on October 3 and 4, 1993, in Mogadishu, Somalia, by forces of the United States supported by UNOSOM II against Somali militia fighters loyal to warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid. Sixty American soldiers who fought in the infamous Battle of Mogadishu will receive upgraded awards later this year for their valorous efforts 28 years ago in the brutal running battle. [143], American war correspondent Scott Peterson, after extensive interviews with SNA personnel and other Somalis involved in the conflict with UNOSOM wrote, "Somalis laugh at this claim that bin Laden helped them and sayunanimouslythat they never even heard of bin Laden until he began boasting about Somalia years later. [60][61] The pilots were able to fly their burning Black Hawk away from Aideed's turf to the more UNOSOM friendly port of Mogadishu and make a crash landing. In order to capture and apprehend the warlord, U.S. Special Operations conducted operations and 3 and 4 October which would become the most significant engagement during the US' time in Somalia ultimately wounding 75 Americans and causing 18 fatalities. [74][76] Many of the tactics Aidid, Giumale and other subordinate SNA commanders would draw on would be inspired from Chinese and Vietnamese books on guerilla warfare and on advice from mujahedeen veterans, who had just won the SovietAfghan War. [57], A week before the Battle of Mogadishu, at 2:00 a.m. on 25 September 1993, the SNA used an RPG to shoot down a Black Hawk (callsign Courage 53) while it was on patrol. [43][44][45] A Human Rights Watch report would argue that UNOSOM had produced no evidence to substantiate its claims about the raid. [108], At the time the battle was the deadliest fight involving U.S. troops since the Vietnam War. Battle of Mogadishu Member of the "Lost Platoon". The Somalis, by and large, were using automatic rifles and grenade launchers and it was a very nasty fight, as intense as almost any battle you would find. After several months of comparatively limited activity and few further instances of violence, U.S. forces began withdrawing. "[107], Most of the Somalis death toll is attributed to the numerous helicopter gunship runs in the narrow alleyways of Mogadishu made by MH-6 Little Birds in support of the U.S. ground forces. Popeye Field watched the news that day both fearful and transfixed as a U.S. soldier was dragged like a dead dog through the dust of Mogadishu by jubilant Somalis. 58 Silver Stars To Be Awarded for 1993 Battle of Mogadishu - Coffee or Die The Army has upgraded 60 medals for special operators involved in Operation Gothic Serpent 58 are being upgraded to Silver Stars and two are being upgraded to the Distinguished Flying Cross.. JSTOR is a digital library of academic journals, books, and primary sources. Author of 'Black Hawk Down' remembers Battle of Mogadishu 25 years As of October 2018, a fully restored Super 68 is on display at the Army Aviation Museum in Fort Rucker, Alabama. Estimates greatly vary from several hundred to several thousand militiamen and civilians killed,[101][102] with injuries around 1,0004,000. Actor Tom Sizemore, known for tough-guy roles and scandal, dead at 61 The 1993 Battle of Mogadishu, Somalia - ThoughtCo Firefight Task Force Ranger's assault on the Olympic Hotel in Mogadishu, in search of Aidid, results in a seventeen hour bloody battle in which 18 US soldiers are killed and 84 are wounded. Forces, 1998, Mark Bowden, The Philadelphia Inquirer", "UN Commission of Inquiry Established under Security Council Resolution 885 to Investigate Armed Attacks on UNOSOM II (1994)", "U.N. Moves Troops to Somali City And Vows Punishment for Attack", "SOMALIA FACES THE FUTURE: HUMAN RIGHTS IN A FRAGMENTED SOCIETY", "Did the U.S. Cover Up a Civilian Massacre Before Black Hawk Down? Eventually it arrived ten minutes later near the Olympic Hotel (020301.6N 451928.6E / 2.050444N 45.324611E / 2.050444; 45.324611), down the street from target building and waited for Delta and Rangers to complete their mission. Two snipers, Staff Sergeant Daniel Busch and Sergeant Jim Smith, survived the crash and began defending the crash site. [92], Yusuf Dahir Mo'alim, an SNA commander of a seven-man RPG team, was slowly moving up towards the first crash site when they caught sight of a second Black Hawk helicopter. American sources estimate between 1,500 and 3,000 Somali casualties, including civilians; SNA forces claim only 315 killed, with 812 wounded.
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