As the closest person to God in the eyes of the Catholics, obeying the Pope was of paramount importance and this meant Elizabeth had to be suspicious of other Catholic threats at home. However, the Catholic Church bans divorce which presented a problem for Henry as he could not legally get rid of Catherine. The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. The features and significance of the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. [This is a confident answer because it selects two reasons and links them together, showing a clear conceptual focus as well as wide-ranging knowledge]. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. VAT reg no 816865400. The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. how significant was the catholic threat to elizabeth 1, posed by her Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. This issue of divorce creates problems for Catholics. Spains forces in the Netherlands mutinied (as they hadnt been paid by the now bankrupt Spanish government). The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. PDF History Paper 2 - Elizabeth Topic 1: Early threats and the Religious This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. As Catholics do not believe in divorce it means that the marriage between Henry and Catherine was never dissolved, and therefore, the marriage with Anne never happened, and as a result of this Elizabeth was an illegitimate child and had no right to the throne of England. Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. In 1558, England and Spain were still allies against France, but King Philip of Spain (who had been married to Mary) hated Protestantism with a passion. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. She replaced her Catholic half-sister Mary, who died childless. Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. You may use the following in your answer: Mary, Queen of Scots and foreign threat (12 marks) . The Protestant Elizabeth certainly faced difficulties upon becoming Queen with regard to legitimacy, especially from English Catholics and the wider Catholic world. To what extent should changes in the relationship between monarchy and - Leith blockade. This interference greatly angered the Spanish and provoked the ire of many Catholics, who now no longer saw Elizabeth as a mediator of the status quo, but as an interfering, troublesome monarch. The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. 214 High Street, Englands victory over the Spanish navy in 1588 contributed to their development as a strong naval power to rival Spain. After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. gcse history 16 mark answer - The Student Room Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. Elizabeth 1 - Foreign Policy - Revision Cards in A Level and IB History 214 High Street, Elizabeth I is by many historians considered one of England's greatest ever monarchs, which heralded the 'golden age' in English history. [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. The Spanish had a greater army and Dudleys army was significantly smaller. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. The French were Catholic but did not have the same hostility to English Protestantism as Spain was. In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. This risked provoking King Phillip further and to avoid this, Elizabeth forced Dudley to resign his position immediately. Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. PPTX What problems did Elizabeth I face when she became Queen in 1558? Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. Spouse: None. Importantly too, at different points these plots were orchestrated or sponsored by the Pope and Spain and were dependent on the support of English Catholics to work, demonstrating the increasing Catholic threat to Elizabeth, internationally and domestically. Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. What Problems Did Elizabeth Face in 1558? - 844 Words | Studymode Their union had brought peace between Spain and England, and Elizabeth's Privy Council hoped to maintain this. There was also a fear that France and Scotland, alongside Spain, could launch an invasion of England as part of a greater Catholic crusade against the rogue English Protestant nation. Many reasons led to discontent between Spain and England. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. 1. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Foreign Affairs. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Henry himself gave people cause . In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. The reasons for, and significance of, the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 156970. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. The treaty essentially allowed Elizabeth to focus on developing events in the Netherlands and not worry about protecting her northern border. Register for free, Home /
The Throckmorton plot was a conspiracy to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots in 1583. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. The Ridolfi Plot of 1571 and later the Throckmorton and Babington Plots, of 1583 and 1586 respectively, all involved the aim of placing Mary on the throne. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland was part of the Rising in the North in 1569. By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. Even though a truce was decided, there was still a constant threat from the Scots and French to the English security . They Schools can qualify for all our resources for free. Europe. The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. The early Tudors, 1485-1558 | Institute of Continuing Education (ICE) Boston House, Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. The Catholic threat Many Catholics in England were not happy with Elizabeth's Settlement. [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. Marys permanent presence in England meant that she was a rallying point for many Catholics, who believed she had a stronger claim to the English throne than Elizabeth. Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. Two influential Catholic families the Percys and the Nevilles plotted alongside the Duke of Norfolk to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with the Catholic, Mary, Queen of Scots (who now resided in England). English sailors land at Roanoke to find it abandoned. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement - World History Encyclopedia Upon his arrival, he accepted the position of Governor-General which proved to be a big mistake as it suggested that Elizabeth had taken control of the Netherlands. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. Write a paragraph or two. Te Deums were sung in churches, bonfires lit, and "their was shott at the Tower that night above two thousand . Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. Elizabeth I Skilful In Her Response To Threats History Essay There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." English direct involvement in the Netherlands, 1585-88. Queen Elizabeth and King Phillip II were still reluctant to openly declare war with one another however, in 1585, this changed due to dispute over the Netherlands. The conspirators including Babington were all. - death of henry II. Died: 24 March 1603. Elizabeth hesitated for several months, however, eventually signed Marys death warrant. The attack was a success. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). From there we will look at the career . W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. -Elizabeth forced to impose strict penalties against Catholics (penal laws) which enforced religious settlement and protected England against Catholic influence. The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. Foreign threat: Spain and France were the most powerful countries in Europe and were Catholic. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley | English statesman An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. It was the arrival of Mary which also partly contributed to the revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569, which had brief success. Official Oxford 2023 Postgraduate Applicants Thread. Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion. Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. One factor Elizabeth had to face, which was seen as a huge disadvantage, was her gender. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. Elizabeth I inherited a position of war with France, which was declared by Mary in 1556. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. This focused on dividing the poor into the able-bodied and the impotent. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. August 8th: Battle of Gravelines fireships caused the Spanish fleet to scatter. By this time radical Puritan sectaries were perceived to be . Tudor Rebellions: Causes & Timeline - Video & Lesson Transcript - Study.com England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. The use of fireships by the British exposed this weakness. Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. LS23 6AD The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. CLO History: What problems did Elizabeth face when she became - Quizlet PDF Elizabethan England 155888. (Paper 2) Model - The Oakwood Academy The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . Continue with Recommended Cookies. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. These privateers also raided Spanish ships and attacked the treasure fleets that carried gold and silver from the Americas to Spain. Elizabethan Religious Settlement - BBC Bitesize The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. The Spanish plan to meet the Duke of Parma at Dunkirk was seriously flawed. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. Anthony Babington, an English Catholic, wrote to Mary about the plot. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? 2) This war was not a success. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. Her arrival and ultimate house arrest were the result of her having to flee Scotland. They never met with the Duke of Parma and were forced to sail around the British Isles. How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. Why didn't Mary and Francis have a child? - coalitionbrewing.com When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. Problems faced by Elizabeth I in 1558 - YouTube However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. Pope refused to accept the divorce and marriage and as a result Catholics in England in 1558 did not accept Elizabeth as a legitimate monarch. Company Reg no: 04489574. Elizabeth was inheriting a terrible situation, which she had to sort out. The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? Challenges to Elizabeth's rule - Edexcel - BBC Bitesize France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries in 1558. The English also had better tactics that were more effective. This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. LS23 6AD At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. Born 7th September 1533 , Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. King Philip of Spain sent an. Company Reg no: 04489574. Reasons why Philip used the Spanish Armada. Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. Become a Member |
Spymaster and Secretary of State from 1573 Francis Walsingham uncovered the plot. . Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. In 1580, she received treasure from Sir Francis Drake from his exploits which was worth more than all the rest of her income for that year put together. Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. Why was the threat of invasion Elizabeth's biggest problem in 1558? Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou. Crucially, when the Spanish ships docked in English ports, the gold was seized by Elizabeth. As such, I disagree with the statement. After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. As with the 1569 plot, she would marry the Duke of Norfolk. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. They were not able to do this because the English used their greater manoeuvrability to stay out of range while firing broadsides (massive barrages of cannonballs) that could sink the Spanish ships. Norfolk was killed in 1572. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeth's role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots' arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. Elizabeth I | Biography, Facts, Mother, & Death | Britannica 1589 | History of Parliament Online [The importance of dates and chronology help demonstrate the long- term impact of Marys presence, which helps support the initial judgement.]. 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347.
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