will vinegar stop wood rot

Next, use a flat glass or plastic piece as a mixing palette. In addition, keep the structure dry using a dehumidifier when living in highly humid environments. Brown rot fungi break down cellulose using hydrogen peroxide from broken-down hemicellulose. How fast does dry rot progress? How To Repair Wet Rotted Wood - BikeHike In this article, the expert team at Danford, Brewer & Ives answer the question, what is wet rot in wood? and explain how and why it needs to be treated. It spreads easily when a person kicks it. This wood rot type occurs when the fungi digest lignin and cellulose in the wood. It occurs when water soaks into the lumber until you only have moisture bound in the fiber cell walls. Below is a straightforward guideline on using the formula. The best way to do this is to keep your wood clean, dry, and free of debris. Here is how to do it: fill a spray bottle with 1 part lemon oil and 1 part white vinegar. Once the fungus has multiplied, it will remain in the wood for several months or even years. Dry rot treatment - Wikipedia Then, brush the lumber using a stiff brush to remove all the rot fungi. They include borate and glycol treatments. Love it 8! Another preventive measure you can take is to avoid allowing water to seep into the wood. The best way to protect yourself from dry rot is to find a qualified surveyor who can identify the problem. Herere the main two uses of vinegar on wood. Spray the solution directly onto a dry microfiber cloth.#tips #construction pic.twitter.com/8Iwf5umaMR. Does dry wood rot stop? Then, using the brush, apply as much CPES to the wood as the wood will allow. Polish the surface to eliminate the bad odor caused by mold and mildew. Salad dressing. . Then check the applied surface for any issues. Apply four to six wood restorer coats to the affected area. Mix the vinegar and olive oil mixture with a small amount of lemon oil well using a fork until you get a thick solution. We all know vinegar is an acidic compound and is used for cooking, cleaning, and backing applications. Alternatively, you can transfer the diluted formula into a spray bottle and spray it on the wood. Wet rot also grows under floors, windows, frames, doors, and steps. If you notice damp wood, remove it immediately. Yet, more than five million fungi exist in our soil and air. This fungus typically causes damage to load-bearing timber, but it can also affect outdoor wood. #charityshop pic.twitter.com/VzONNgj3Y0. Soft rot is more gradual and spreads slowly. Another treatment for wood rot involves applying a fungicide. If the rot is detected early, you can avoid having to spend a large amount of money on repairs later. Rust causes wood to turn grey when applying vinegar. Let the solvents evaporate and the CPES soak in. It requires a high moisture level for growth and thrives in dark, damp conditions. Always use quality products, especially when polishing your expensive wood furniture. Hold the router vertically over the timber and turn it on. Wood Rot Repair and Treatment - DIY Wood Boat In these cases, the dry rot fungus may have germinated in several locations, and then combined into one massive attack. Rotten wood becomes highly porous making it impossible for the paint to settle. To keep untreated wood from rotting, there are a few steps you can take: 1. Typically, fungi do not grow on dry wood. Nonetheless, it is prudent to stop fungi at early rot development stages. Regular polishing makes the wood fresh and prevents it from looking dull, dry, and worn. The fungus easily cracks and crumbles if it dries out. You can also use a moisture-removal product that will kill the fungus. Copyright 2023 WoodCritique | Linsila LLC. by wpx_cairns | Oct 5, 2022 | Tree Removal. pic.twitter.com/Jha1mBXfhX. While it is impossible to completely eradicate rot-causing fungi, vinegar is an excellent wood preservative. To avoid this, dilute chlorine bleach with . The lumber collects moisture frequently, say from sprinklers or rainfall. You can add equal amounts of white vinegar and olive oil using a tablespoon and the total volume can differ according to the wood area that youre going to cover. So, vinegar hinders its growth by altering the woods PH level. These conditions include wood that has a moisture content of at least 20 percent and an abundance of air. A concrete slab when poured over grass will crack over the course of time due to moisture 1. Monitor the solution with a candy thermometer. Therefore, spraying vinegar on wood surfaces is strictly prohibited. White vinegar is able to restore wood by cleaning dust and dirt and it can polish the surface by giving shinning attractive look to the furniture and woodwork. Conversely, if the wood rot damage is repairable, scrape the rotted wood pieces on the corners and crevices using a putty knife or a chisel. Im Walter, the woodworking enthusiast behind Woodworkly. You can polish the wood with vinegar quite easily. Will Bleach Stop Wood Rot? - Treating Wood Rot With Bleach The wood grain splits or has longitudinal cracks. Wipe the lumber with a damp cloth and let it dry. How do you use wood filler on rotted wood? - Salvage Secrets Fortunately, although we do not have foolproof strategies for treating wood rot, some chemicals prevent its occurrence. Further, place the hammers claw at the rots base and apply pressure when pulling it towards you. Or you could use a borate solution, Sodium Octaborate (Sodium Octaborate Tetrahydrate) can be bought either as a solution or as a solid which is mixed with water. The condition is often difficult to diagnose, but fungicides like boric acid can help prevent the spread of rot. Once they have colonized the wood, they will try to preserve themselves by producing spores. White vinegar is an effective fungicide that changes the pH level, which in turn ruins the conditions fungi thrive on. It is best to deal with fungi at the earlier stages of the development of the rot. This rot type spreads quickly. Thus, diluting the formula with water before applying it to the affected lumber is advisable. When you apply vinegar solution that dye due to rust on a wood surface, it will automatically turn into deep color upon drying. Simple wood stain: vinegar + steel wool. If your house is built with balloon framing, you may be able to finesse a paint brush up into the wall cavity by working from the basement. The acidic nature of vinegar may deter some fungi but it is not effective at eradicating fungus from wood. Smooth the patch with a sanding accessory. These spores land on fresh wet wood and feed on it. Fungi require an excellent substrate to grow and spread. We have various simple and safe Do-It-Yourself techniques to remedy dry rot issues. Yes, with the right plans you can build your dream shed. Never use undiluted vinegar on wood since it will leave water marks and damage the woods finish. The formula revitalizes, replenishes, and protects lumber. Joining MDF Boards In 5 Easy Steps, How to Use Mineral Spirit On Wood- 5 Ways to Safely Use Mineral Spirit. The solution increases the woods PH level and interrupts fungi growth. So, lets see what white vinegar does to your wooden surfaces. The first step in preventing the disease is to understand how it works. Vinegar is an acid that can be used to treat wood rot, but it's not your best option. Wet rot is less destructive than dry rot. Lets see how to polish the wood with vinegar using the correct procedure. Finally, call a siding or roofing company as soon as possible when you notice water leaks into structural wood. Vinegar doesn't stop wood rot. Will vinegar stop wood rot? The best method for repairing rotten wood is using polyester filler to rebuild rotten wood. Coat the affected area and ensure complete coverage. Apply a paint coat after the primer dries. One popular remedy for wood rot is vinegar because vinegar's acidity has the ability to act as a fungicide that kills off fungal spores. Take a clean cotton cloth and dip it in the bucket of vinegar solution. Herere the steps for removing stains and mold from wood using vinegar. The spores are yellow or purple and will fall out of the sporophore. Further, we have multiple fungus variations, but Coniophora Puteana is the most common type. Further, wood rot is more dangerous by mold. It also causes devastating structural damage if it persists. Vinegar can stop fungal spores from spreading, allowing you to contain the wood rot and stop it from causing further damage, but it's not the only treatment that can or needs to be applied. In addition to looking like cobwebs, these fungi also produce mycelium, a cotton-wool-like mass. But make sure to dilute the vinegar with water or olive oil before using it on painted wood because undiluted vinegar can damage the paint and damage the wood. Take a new cloth by dipping and wringing when you notice the cloth, youre using getting dirty. How cool is that? No home-related topic is more misunderstood than wood rot. Wet Rot is a wood-eating fungus type in buildings with unprotected timber components. Further, use long screws that reach the baseboards. Hammer. Also, use multiple thin coats of white or grey primer for an even application. This means finding and repairing any water leaks. There are roughly 1,000 species of fungi that can cause it. Dry rot damages surrounding timber structures. Household bleach is a potent disinfectant that kills and stops fungi growth. You 1:12 slope ratio (ADA Recommended) means that for every inch of rise, you will need one foot of ramp. Push the cloth wood grain to get better results at cleaning. The best course of action with any wood that may be prone to moisture is to use Clear Penetrating Epoxy Sealer (CPES). The vinegar and water mixing ratio should be 1:3 when cleaning the wood. You can use vinegar on wood only after diluting it with water, olive oil, or coconut oil. Fortunately, there are ways to prevent dry rot. Use a claw hammer in this step. Treatments made of ethylene glycol kills both wood-consuming fungi and insects that are drawn to damaged and weakened wood. Diluted white vinegar does not damage painted wood. Thus, test the finish on a small, inconspicuous area before application. How do you keep wood from rotting from spreading. The key here is that vinegar does not cure rot or dry out wet wood (and if it did, it would actually be harmful). Happy Tuesday! Since the dry rot fungus requires an acidic environment from pH 0 to 5.5, certain of these fungicides work because they change the pH. Heres the procedure for cleaning wood using vinegar. Typically, wood rot needs about seven to ten days to develop. Strategy Five: Sand and Paint the Patched Wood. If the applied area is ruined with your pre-prepared vinegar solution, make a new vinegar solution by reducing the vinegar portion in water. Mix one cup of white vinegar with 4 cups of warm water and one cup of olive oil and dip moistened cloth in it and rub the cloth in a circular motion to remove dust, dirt and polish the wooden surfaces. Some rot types are hard to eradicate and keep recurring. Wood rot can cause severe damage to the environment if it reaches a water body. Generally, it sets within half an hour at under 24 degrees Celsius. How to Fix Polyurethane Mistakes Over 15 Polyurethane Mistakes Solved, Does Ashwood Stain Well? This way, you guarantee better epoxy adhesion. Otherwise, you risk compromising a buildings structural integrity. Establish and fix the sources of moisture. Wood Rot 101: How to Prevent and Repair Its Damage - Bob Vila It is excellent for use with Bondo Wood Filler (sold separately). What happens if you don't fix dry rot? It must be sealed before painting. Therefore, it is prudent to remove the finish. Since the dry rot fungus requires an acidic environment from pH 0 to 5.5, certain of these fungicides work because they change the pH. If there are no negative effects appear on the tested area, your prepared vinegar solution is good to cover up the whole wood with no issues. Fungi need a zero to 5.5 acidic environment. Rub the furniture with moistened cloth in a circular motion after dipping it in vinegar oil mixture. Ultimately, lumber rots due to prolonged moisture exposure. Furthermore, chlorine bleach removes rot stains from the lumber and brightens its natural hue. Therefore, it quickly fills small gaps. Bleach also kills and discourages mold and mildew growth. The hardening agent separates in the tube. Therefore pay extra attention to wet and moisture-prone locations such as under guttering, around window and door sills. The top chart mayhem position belongs to white rot fungi, the most successful and aggressive decomposer. Yes, white vinegar stops wood rot by stopping the fungus pores from spreading. Some of these ingredients are often present in the lumber or its surroundings. If the screwdriver sinks into the wood, you've got a wood rot problem. Wet rot needs a higher moisture content, mostly levels above 50 percent. Also, wood naturally absorbs water, which permeates throughout the structure. You leave the wood uncleaned, especially when handling siding and structural posts on fencing, fascia, soffit, or patio. #CleanTip How do you clean & disinfect your wood cutting board?Pure White Vinegar rocks!Important to dry!#CarpetCleaning #Restoration pic.twitter.com/XxUZhBZdi8. In addition, the polyurethane glue needs six hours to dry thoroughly. Planes. However, the wood may take one to six months for rot to develop if it is in a 24. This site is dedicated to educate woodworking, wood carving, and all wood related topics for people of all levels of expertise. Then, give the formula 10 minutes to dry before subsequent coats. Ensure you keep stirring the paint for easier handling. So, lets figure out, Can you use vinegar on wood? You can stop the rot on lumber using boric acid. In addition, a dry rot infestation will have an unpleasant odor. Therefore, it is not ideal for fungal growth. When you first notice a dry rot infestation, you may not notice any visible growth, but it can be difficult to identify. Please use firm pressure to deliver uniform coverage. So, lets discuss each of the above steps in detail to polish wood with vinegar. For lacquered, varnished, or painted surfaces, you need to wipe off the excess vinegar solution immediately on the wood with a soft cloth since staying vinegar solution on the finished surface for too long can damage the finish. This way, the scenario will not reoccur after applying the formula. Blend 1 cup of olive oil and 1/2 cup of lemon juice in a spray bottle, and polish wood furniture! The hardener will build a solid base for the polyester filler, which is filled in using a putty knife. Finally, let the wood dry for a few minutes and see how the wood is getting nice, clean, deep shiny wood surface. When a wood structure starts to rot, excess moisture can contribute to the development of the problem. When buffing the wood with cloth, you may notice some areas which are still green and didnt clean properly. Lumber is a series of straws joined together. Use a gun applicator to apply the formula in pre-measured ratios. Wood rot is caused by fungi and needs specific conditions to thrive. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Can You Use Vinegar On Wood? (5 EASY Steps!) - WoodWorkly Does Vinegar Remove Paint From Wood? [2023] - sawinery.net So, before you begin painting, please treat it with a wood hardener. Fungi growth rate slows down when the temperature is much lower or higher than this range. For instance, mold manifests as discoloration, usually white or black. Use a putty knife to shape the paste on the lumber. Lets answer some frequently asked questions regarding using vinegar on wood. Its rare to see widespread infestations, and these are usually associated with derelict buildings or homes that have long-term water ingress. How to Stop Wood Rot From Spreading - cairnstreeloppingpros.com This form is not as serious as wet rot, but it can still damage your home. For some finishes only a little amount of white vinegar is sufficient, but others dont. Diluted white vinegar is able used for cleaning and polishing untreated wood, painted wood, or finished wood with lacquer or varnish. These microscopic spores float in the air and easily land all over homes. Then, pour or spray it on the decaying lumber parts. Paint can hide wood rot, so poke the siding with the tip of the screwdriverthe wood should be firm and hard. Otherwise, the sun will accelerate wear and tear. However, adhering to the correct steps when applying the formula is advisable. How Long Does It Take for Wood Rot to Develop? Hope you have gained good knowledge about the hot topic; can you use vinegar on wood with this detailed post. Lignin is a polymer bonding the woods cells and enhances natural rigidity. If nothing worked well, better to contact the manufacturer of vinegar or olive oil through their website or go for another manufacturer. Power saws. Free water is the moisture amount above the fiber saturation point. This way, you guarantee a uniform appearance. Also, use the provided paintbrush to apply the formula. . However, five primary conditions must be present to encourage fungi growth. Mix some canola oil and vinegar to deliver a brilliant wood sealant. Now you know, can you use vinegar on wood and how to use it properly on any wood without damaging or ruining the finish? Let the product set for two minutes before adding the next coat and two hours before proceeding to the next step. How to Polish Wood FurnitureMix 4 parts olive oil with 1 part white vinegar and pour it into a spray bottle.Test the solution on a small patch first to see if it leads to the desired effect.Spray the solution on a microfibre cloth and work it well into the wood. But thats a quick snapshot and theres a lot more to know about, can you use vinegar on wood? Finally, fill the crevices with a wood filler after the wood dries. Do shed bases need to be perfectly level? Unfortunately, wood does not last forever. Clean and dry the wood - Make sure to thoroughly clean the wood using a mild detergent and warm water and allow it to thoroughly dry before taking any other steps. Blend a two-part epoxy using a putty knife. When conditions are right, wood rot spores multiply and cause wood to decay. Does vinegar stop wood rot? - diybuilds.net Use white vinegar on untreated wood after mixing it with olive oil or coconut oil or water. Besides, wood is considered immune to fungi and rot when the moisture content is below 20 percent. In addition, wood preservatives eventually become weak, creating a conducive atmosphere for wood rot. These spores spread through the air and eventually reach other parts of the house. They are fascinating and oddly lovely. Hickory is the densest of our hardwood list, burns hotter than oak and maple, and burns the longest on this list. Finally, the paint should cure in ten minutes unless the area is humid. Lastly, remember that the wood may start rotting again if you leave any rot. The Janka rating of wood tells us how easily a wood can Hi there! If the applied area is damaged or the applied finisher is peeling off, you should immediately stop using the prepared vinegar solution and start to make a new solution by reducing the volume of vinegar. Give the formula sufficient time to penetrate the wood. Also, the project needs as little as ten minutes to set during warmer temperatures. Here are the steps you should follow to tackle that nasty wood rot with any fungicide: The first step is to dry the wood. Further, it is referred to as Serpula Lacrymans and generally settles on timber and woodwork. Oil and vinegar also revitalize the surface. pic.twitter.com/7LwZ3qnXwj. Read More About Him! This homemade natural cleaning solution wood polish leaves both a delightful scent and shine. Air-dried lumber has 18% water, below the fiber saturation level. Also, refinish them to complement or match the surrounding surface. Or buff the surface dry with a clean cloth. The below conditions must occur at the same time for rot to occur. The latter does not break down the lumber. The longer it stays on the surface, the more wood gets an old look. You can use multiple wood fillers, whether epoxy or polyester wood filler. But vinegar does oxidize the steel wool which causes steel wool rust. In general, fungicides (pesticides) are used to kill or prevent fungus and their spores from growing. Vinegar can stop fungal spores from spreading, allowing you to contain the wood rot and stop it from causing further damage, but it's not the only treatment that can or needs to be applied. Further, it works best on lumber unexposed to elements, like under a roof or indoors. This includes the siding on a house and wood around appliances and outdoor decking areas. Vinegar and olive oil wont mix properly, but youll be able to get a thick solution by mixing and shaking them well for a few minutes. Use a scraper or putty knife to apply the formula. But have you ever thought about using vinegar on wood? Afterward, prime and apply a finish of choice. Lemon juice kills mold, cuts grease, and leaves a streak-free shine. Polish gently all over the wood without missing spots. Wood weakens when moisture seeps in from the outside. After dipping a cotton cloth in vinegar solution and wringing it out, place it on the wooden surface and rub it in circular motions. Below is more insight into the wood rot types. He is passionate about woodworking projects & plays with woodworking tools having spent over 2 decades as a leader for Woodworking Planet. Thus, white wood rot. Will vinegar stop wood rot? Soft rot fungi thrive in hot, wet, and cold areas. Rub along the direction of the wood grain to remove the dust and dirt particles quite easily and to clean the wood properly. #WeeklyWisdom How to clean a wood fence: 1. Check if the rot spreads over several boards and if the damage is beyond remedy. Further, the fungus will suffocate by carbon dioxide as there is no air interchange. Once you find the source, you can get rid of the fungi and prevent the spread of the rot. Bleach stops wood rot, whether dry rot or wet rot. It may slow it down, but it won't stop it. Next, apply an even pressure amount and work in circular strokes to deliver a more uniform surface. Does vinegar kill wood rot? By doing this youll be able to identify whether you have used enough amounts of vinegar and olive oil, did you mix them well, are contaminated things. #Wood #Polish: 1/4 cup #oliveoil, 1/4 cup #vinegar, 10 drops #essentialoils pic.twitter.com/zV8JBL9pGr. The primary materials are bleach, a stiff brush, a cotton ball or spray bottle, a putty knife, a wood filler, and sandpaper. Fungi are the simplest version of plant life. After polishing the wood properly using vinegar, you need to remove excess moisture using a dry, clean cotton cloth before they stay on the wood for so long. Thats how you should clean wood using vinegar. This scenario leads to concerns as it is unsightly and causes home damage when left untreated. This will stop the damage that was about to happen on the main project. A thorough drying process will help to prevent the spread of the fungus. Adding lemon oil or squeeze of lemon juice is an optional step that is useful to penetrate deep into the small cracks on the wood surface to remove the dirt inside the wood. Further, use the knifes edge and corners carefully to match the epoxy to the woods edges. The fungus lives in the air but only becomes a problem when the conditions are right. Infected areas may have an orange-ochre colour, indicating that the fungus is present. Vinegar prevents wood from rotting and improves the woods appearance. Also, use long strokes covering the entire wood length. These conditions include temperature, moisture, and pH level. Quick clean with olive oil & vinegar, gold place mat on top. This creates room for more moisture. The affected wood loses structural strength. Give the wood filler 30 minutes to dry. Applying excessive amounts of vinegar on wood can damage the wood and ruin the wood finish. Dry rot fungus lives in the air as spores. The fungus that causes dry rot needs both water and oxygen to grow. Grind the lumber until you reach solid and healthy wood. Vinegar is not a good solution for water damaged wood because it will not stop the rot from spreading. Besides, you cannot reuse rotted lumber. Even better, treating and controlling lumber rot with small bleach amounts is possible. Herere the steps you need to follow when polishing wood with vinegar, Ok. One popular remedy for wood rot is vinegar because vinegar's acidity has the ability to act as a fungicide that kills off fungal spores. As a result, it helps to curtail rot. Fungicides to defeat brown rot include: baking soda, hydrogen peroxide, tea tree oil, boron solutions, ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, vinegar, etc. White vinegar will stop wood rot because it is a fungicide, which has antimicrobial properties. Oxygen is an unsurprising component as most living organisms require it to survive. If you plan to have your wood replaced, this table will help you get a rough estimate of your costs, depending on the kind of wood and size.SpeciesWidth RangeLength RangePrice Per BF($)Ash (White)4.00 8.5096.00 144.005.5Ash (White)9.00 11.5096.00 144.007.3Basswood4.00 8.5096.00 144.007.0Basswood4.00 8.5096.00 144.008.0Butternut4.00 7.5072.00 144.009.0Butternut8.00 11.5072.00 144.0011.0Butternut8.00 11.5072.00 144.0016.3Cedar (Spanish)4.00 8.5096.00 144.008.0Cedar (Spanish)4.00 8.5096.00 144.009.0Cherry (American)4.00 8.5096.00 144.006.8Cherry (American)9.00 11.5096.00 144.0015.3Chestnut (European)3.00 11.5072.00 168.009.0Chestnut (European)3.00 11.5072.00 168.0010.0Ebony (Gabon)4.00 12.0048.00 144.00150.0Ebony (Gabon)1.00 6.0012.00 72.00100.0Mahogany (Genuine)4.00 8.5096.00 144.0010.5Mahogany (Genuine)9.00 11.5096.00 144.0017.5Maple (Big Leaf)4.00 12.0048.00 120.0015.0Maple (Big Leaf)4.00 12.0048.00 120.00100.0Oak (English Brown)4.00 18.0072.00 168.0015.0Oak (English Brown)2.00 10.0072.00 168.0018.0Pine (Eastern White)4.00 7.5096.00 144.006.0Pine (Eastern White)8.00 11.5096.00 144.005.0. Hence, only use small potions at a time. Then, place one side of the patch to hold it as the glue sets. Tyron is an avid woodworker and writer. The acidity of vinegar can be harmful to some woods. One popular remedy for wood rot is vinegar because vinegar's acidity has the ability to act as a fungicide that kills off fungal spores. Fill the crevices resulting from extracting rotting lumber. Also, wear rubber gloves when handling the formula. In order to stop wood from rotting, you must understand that all wood rot is the product of fungal infestation. Ensure there are no moisture leaks in the house. However, we have slight variances depending on the lumber species. Materials required for the job include; Start by removing the rotten wood using a sharp tool and coat it with a wood hardener. Therefore, you can use vinegar to restore rotted wood rather than using artificial chemical compounds like Flex Seal on rotted wood. If you reapply you can get a very dark, almost ebony color.Red oak after 10 mins #woodworking #cigarboxguitar pic.twitter.com/BaxaZTPdEQ. It also helps prevent wood rot. Give the epoxy 24 hours to dry, then it is ready for sanding, priming, and painting. When it comes to preventing the spread of wet rot in wood, it is best to take a preventative approach rather than simply waiting until it is too late. He wants to make people love woodworking! Thankfully, it is easy to spot differences between wood rot and mold. Vinegar can stop fungal spores from spreading, allowing you to contain the wood rot and stop it from causing further damage, but it's not the only treatment that can or needs to be applied. So, lets engage in the topic: Will Bleach Stop Wood Rot? Also, some are edible, like the famous Shiitake mushroom, prized globally for its flavor. The condition can also lead to extensive structural damage. It causes visible fissures along and across the wood grain. To prevent it, you should take steps to prevent the wood from touching the water. Also, keep the formula spread thin to give it a longer working duration. In addition, wood rot causes decay at varying levels, ultimately resulting in structural and cosmetic damage. Wood treated with glycol or borate . youll about to see super clean, fresh- and nice-looking furniture after cleaning the wood with vinegar. Let it remain at 260 degrees until you can all crystals dissolve. However, the wood immediately starts to rot once water enters the equation. Generally, prevention is the best way to deal with wood rot. Asphalt prices tend to fluctuate with What Is Wet Rot in Wood? This is toxic to most wood rot organisms and will penetrate quite deeply.

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