Phytopathol. Sci. During the host penetration process, broomrape does not dissolve the host cells in its way toward vascular cylinder. Edits and additions by Ann Filmer, Department of Plant Sciences, UC Davis; August 14, 2019. J. Pest Manag. seed germination and radicle growth. (2009). The reduction of ABA:GA ratio induced by stratification (conditioning) is enough to break dormancy and promote germination in dormant seeds of non-parasitic weeds but it is not enough for broomrape, which requires a further decrease in ABA levels induced by the activation of the ABA catabolic gene PrCYP707A1 (Lechat et al., 2012). doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2004.11.001, Grenz, J. H., and Sauerborn, J. J. Evol. FIGURE 2. Control 2 291296. Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Flores, F., and Rubiales, D. (2012a). doi: 10.1614/WS-07-147.1, Mauromicale, G., Restuccia, G., and Marchese, A. Z., Huang, K., Wickett, N. J., Alford, S., et al. toria as a catch crop on Orobanche aegyptiaca seed bank. The Effect of 10 Crop Plants That Served as Hosts on the Primary Metabolic Profile of the Parasitic Plant. Close related parasitic plants of Orobanchaceae such as Striga and Triphysaria use host derived phenolic derivatives to induce haustorium differentiation (Riopel and Timko, 1995; Albrecht et al., 1999; Bandaranayake and Yoder, 2013). doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2009.06.009, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Flores, F., and Rubiales, D. (2009b). 31, 2730. doi: 10.1002/ps.1738. Red clover plants were grown in soil articially infested with small broomrape seed in temperature-con-trolled growth . In addition it promotes the development of a layer of papillae at the radicle apex in the absence of host contact, morphology that resembles the attachment organ (Joel and Losner-Goshen, 1994; Cimmino et al., 2015). Therefore an integrated and sustained management strategy composed by several control methods acting at different broomrape life stages is highly recommended to keep away the broomrape weed problem in a durable manner (Kebreab and Murdoch, 2001). For instance, tori (Brassica campestris var. Despite of this fact, Seed Certification Services in some of the countries affected, do not include in their certification standards, inspection of crop seed samples for broomrape inoculum. Soil management affects the success of broomrape seeds in becoming established on the host and then the longevity of broomrape seed bank. Cimmino A, Fernndez-Aparicio M, Andolfi A, Basso S, Rubiales D, Evidente A. J Agric Food Chem. and other fungi as biological control agents of broomrape (Orobanche ramosa). The apical cells in the radicle apex develop into intrusive cells, which successively invade host root cortex, endodermis, and the central cylinder. (2008). Whether the demethylation and host stimulation are independent or related processes remains to be clarified (Lechat et al., 2015). Plant Pathol. In broomrape species, the chemistry of host recognition for haustorium initiation remains uncharacterized. (2008). Planta 235, 11971207. eCollection 2022. Joel, D. M., Back, A., Kleifeld, Y., and Gepstein, S. (1991). Is it compulsory to practice social distancing in London? Reda, F. (2006). Several mechanisms underlying this resistance have been described at this stage such as production of gel-like substances within host vessels blocking the transfer of nutrients, host-encoded toxic-compounds delivered into the parasitic tissue though the vascular system and hormonal incompatibility that leads to abnormal haustorial maturation with scarce vascular connections (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2008c; Prez-de-Luque et al., 2008, 2009). Because the haustorial organ in broomrape radicle is terminal and its growth is not resumed unless it can immediately penetrate the host, cessation of radicle elongation and haustorial induction in the absence of a host is lethal to the parasite. doi: 10.1094/PD-89-0023, Singh, A., and Singh, M. (1993). Physiol. 1), 3437. update on breeding for resistance to sunflower broomrape / actualizacin de la situacin de la mejora gentica de girasol para resistencia al jopo June 2014 Helia 33(52):1-12 Besides the difficulty of selectively controlling broomrape in the form of host-attached parasite, eradication of broomrape seed bank is extremely difficult due to prolific production of parasitic seeds, their easy dispersal, physiological dormancy, seed longevity, and germination synchronized with specialized range of host cultivation. Broomrapes are plant-parasitic weeds which constitute one of the most difficult-to-control of all biotic constraints that affect crops in Mediterranean, central and eastern Europe, and Asia. 6, 269275. Original article from AgAlert, California Farm Bureau Federation.). Musselman, L. J. Babiker, A. G. T., Ahmed, E. A., Dawoud, D. A., and Abdrella, N. K. (2007). Orobanche crenata in Ethiopia. doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2010.04.011, Yoneyama, K., Xie, X., Kim, H. I., Kisugi, T., Nomura, T., Sekimoto, H., et al. Sci. Sillero, J. C., Moreno, M. T., and Rubiales, D. (2005). Novel approaches can increase broomrape control by fungi. Plant Sci. (2005). Solute fluxes from tobacco to the parasitic angiosperm Orobanche cernua and the influence of infection on host carbon and nitrogen relations. (1998). doi: 10.1002/ps.2153, Evidente, A., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Cimmino, A., Rubiales, D., Andolfi, A., and Motta, A. 14, 273278. Some broomrape species are outcrossers while others are self-pollinating. Weed Res. For broomrape control, this system seeks the simultaneous cultivation of susceptible host species with inhibitory species of broomrape parasitism. S. J. Ter Borg (Wageningen: LH/VPO), 2534. Weed Res. Resistance that occurs in the endodermis is mediated by lignification of endodermal and pericycle cell walls. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, Bacillus atrophaeus, B. subtilis are promising biocontrol agents targeting the growth of broomrape radicles (Barghouthi and Salman, 2010). Although hard seed coat has been described as dormancy mechanism in newly formed broomrape seeds (Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996), water uptake and imbibition are performed quickly by mature seeds through the micropyle without the need of scarification (Bar-Nun and Mayer, 1993; Joel et al., 2012). Effects of brassinosteroids on conditioning and germination of clover broomrape (Orobanche minor) seeds. The long-term approach to parasitic weeds control: manipulation of specific developmental mechanisms of the parasite. Haustorial connection of broomrape with the root of a weed host In south Texas, broomrape seed germination occurs from December to February. (2015). We want to time the application to when the broomrape attaches to the tomato roots.. Plant Cell Environ. This strategy to abort broomrape invasion requires regulating the toxin production with promoters specifically induced around the site of Orobanche penetration such as the HMG2 promoter, ensuring correct delivery of the toxic effect to the broomrape penetrating seedling and overall low concentration of the toxin in the rhizosphere. Updates? 33, 787793. The effectiveness of amino acids as broomrape inhibitors has not been proved in real field conditions but field application of amino acids has been effective to manage other parasites such as plant-parasitic nematodes (Zhang et al., 2010). (2012). doi: 10.1093/aob/mcn236. This study evaluated the relationship between small broomrape devel-opment and temperature with red clover as a host plant. The parasitic weed radicle that emerges from germinated seed and carries the attachment organ is also targeted by those mycoherbicides (Abbasher and Sauerborn, 1992). Successful reduction of broomrape parasitism in the current crop is obtained by intercropping host species with inhibitory species of cereals, fenugreek, or berseem clover (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2007, 2008b, 2010a). Agronomie 23, 359362. -. 89, 2327. Based on the results obtained in their greenhouse experiments, these authors recommended field doses of 1.6 kg ha1 for crop densities of 32,000 tobacco plants ha1. Ann. Besides date of sowing, nutrient management can promote both tolerance and increased resistance in crops to broomrape parasitism (Parker, 2009; Labrousse et al., 2010). The damage induced in the crop by broomrape parasitism differs for each broomrape-host association. doi: 10.2134/agronj2009.0014. Veronesi, C., Bonnin, E., Benharrat, H., Fer, A., and Thalouarn, P. (2005). Breeding for broomrape resistance stands out as the most economic, easy to adopt and environmentally friendly practice. Second, broomrape weed exerts their damage underground right after attachment and therefore, contact herbicides applied after broomrape emergence, e.g., 2,4-D, had no effect on limiting yield loss in the current crop. A., Sauerborn J. doi: 10.1007/s11248-004-8081-9, Song, W. J., Zhou, W. J., Jin, Z. L., Cao, D. D., Joel, D. M., Takeuchi, Y., et al. Expression of a defense-related 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase gene in response to parasitism by Orobanche spp. Peagol and peagoldione, two new strigolactone like metabolites isolated from pea root exudates. This allows the creosote seedling to establish itself and it will soon outgrow the bursage. Westwood, J. H. (2013). Orobanche aegyptiaca control in tomato fields with sulfonylurea herbicides. It is best recognized by its yellow-to-straw coloured stems completely lacking chlorophyll, bearing yellow, white or blue, snapdragon-like flowers. Zhang, Y., Luc, J. E., and Crow, W. T. (2010). This spatial/temporal frame defines the maximum host-reaching distance for successful broomrape parasitism. Paris: Dterville. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies (1999). Chae, S. H., Yoneyama, K., Takeuchi, Y., and Joel, D. M. (2004). Sci. Phytomyza orobanchia is reported to be broomrape-specific and its main action as biocontrol agent is by reduction of broomrape reproductive activity due to their feeding activity on ovules and young seeds. Biotic inducers of systemic resistance have also proved being successful against broomrape parasitism under experimental conditions. This treatment in the lab mimics the soil conditions in climatically suitable regions for broomrape such as Mediterranean non-irrigated agrosystems where the onset of warm and wet season coincides with the growth of juvenile stages of many annual crops (Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996; Grenz and Sauerborn, 2007). Ann. Seed response to strigolactone is controlled by abscisic acid-independent DNA methylation in the obligate root parasitic plant, Phelipanche ramosa L. Pomel. 50, 277279. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2015.06.038, Mauromicale, G., Lo Monaco, A., and Longo, M. G. A. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00462.x, Hiraoka, Y., Ueda, H., and Sugimoto, Y. The efficient action of the biological control agent will depend on its ability to remain active over a large range of ecological conditions (Aly, 2007). doi: 10.1614/WS-06-135, Evidente, A., Cimmino, A., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Andolfi, A., Rubiales, D., and Motta, A. 19, 211236. J. Reviewed in Joel et al. J. J. Appl. Effects of environment and sowing date on the competition between faba bean (Vicia faba) and the parasitic weed Orobanche crenata. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90779-9, Bar-Nun, N., and Mayer, A. M. (2002). Proceedings of the International Workshop on Orobanche Research, eds K. Wegmann and L. J. Musselman (Obermarchtal, FRG: Eberhard Karls Universitt), 147156. 2021 Feb 5;2(5):100166. doi: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100166. PDF SMALL BROOMRAPE - Oregon State University 23, 407413. seed germination. Cezard, R. (1973). doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2010.03.004, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Garca-Garrido, J. M., Ocampo, J. 38, 343349. Weed Res. Field response of Lathyrus cicera germplasm to crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata). The first mechanism involved in host specialization is displayed during broomrape germination and is mediated by the broomrape recognition of host root exudates in a species-specific manner. 49, 67. Ann. why is closed source software compiled broomrape and bursage relationship. Nitrate reductase is not detectable (Lee and Stewart, 1978) and activity of glutamine synthetase is very low (McNally et al., 1983). These methods can be classified as cultural and physical, chemical, biological control, and use of host resistance (Rubiales et al., 2009b). doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2011.09.003, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Moral, A., Kharrat, M., and Rubiales, D. (2012b). Although host phloem supplies the majority of nutrients including minerals, open xylem connections developed at the host-parasite interface allow additional mineral and water flow toward the parasite (Abbes et al., 2009; Westwood, 2013). (2000). Broomrapes are sap-sucking 'plant pilferers' that steal their food from the roots of other . Jan 08, 2016. Kusumoto, D., Goldwasser, Y., Xie, X., Yoneyama, K., and Takeuchi, Y. Because parasitic weeds require host encoded molecules to stimulate the initiation of parasitism both at the level of seed germination and haustorium initiation, breeding for low-inducers genotypes of those processes are obvious targets for resistance (Yoder and Scholes, 2010). This parasite extracts all its nutrients at the host's expense so that host-parasite trophic relationships are crucial to determine host and parasite growth. 70, 224229. In the fields I am aware of, the crop was destroyed, the field disked under and methyl bromide applied. Abiotic inducers of SAR thus represent an innovative approach to control broomrape parasitism. Afr. On the contrary, weedy broomrape species are usually generalists attacking annual crops (Schneeweiss, 2007). 33, 267349. If this effect is confirmed, L-methionine use to elicit resistance to broomrape in susceptible crops could be a straightforward strategy either by direct applications of this amino acid in the soil as explained in Section Control Strategies Targeting Host Penetration or delivered by overproducing and excreting microorganisms as explained in Section Strategies to Control Underground Broomrapes Acting after Establishment.. 65, 453459. 11, 530536. Parasite population Broomrape seeds were originally collected in Serbia from sunflower hybrids known to be resistant to race E. This broomrape population was designated as LP12BSR and was used in a previous study as . Epub 2018 Jul 3. Ann. Once a field is infested, controlling the broomrape seed bank is very difficult due to its high resilience. The effects of superphosphate application, 2,4-DB and grazing on broomrape (Orobanche minor Sm.) Broomrape seed bank remains viable in the soil for many years until germination is triggered by the coincidence of several physical and chemical factors that are indicative of environmental conditions for successful seedling establishment: i.e., the nearby growth of a host plant in a physiological stage susceptible for broomrape invasion and subsequent parasitic reproductive growth (Linke and Saxena, 1991; Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996, 1999). When they are applied in vitro to seeds of P. ramosa and O. minor, they bypass the effect of germination-inducing factors, promoting broomrape germination in absence of host or any germination stimulant (Cala et al., 2015). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2005.00464.x, Prez-de-Luque, A., Jorrn, J., and Rubiales, D. (2004). Weed Sci. Once ground has been infested, crop options for the field are extremely limited for a long period of time. doi: 10.1104/pp.119.2.585, Aly, R. (2007). 51, 44874503. Accessibility doi: 10.1111/j.1366-9516.2005.00179.x, Parker, C. (2009). Israeli researchers developed a temperature/moisture model for application of low rates of an ALS inhibitor on processing tomatoes. Plant Microbe Interact. Additional mechanisms that could contribute to the selective action of host-derived strigolactones in broomrape germination could be (1) variations of molecular structure between host-derived and parasite-encoded strigolactones conferring different specificity for different biological functions or (2) different spatial localization inside the broomrape seed for functions of strigolactone detection and strigolactone synthesis (Das et al., 2015). orthoceras. broomrape and bursage relationship - agencijastratega.com (2007). Some of the strategies discussed in previous sections such as biological control maintain their control action at post-attachment stages and will not be discussed again in this section. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03171.x, Klein, O., and Kroschel, J. Agron. Benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) acts as a functional analog of SA and activates defense responses in susceptible hosts leading to lignification of the endodermis and a consequent inhibition to up to 98% broomrape parasitism (Gonsior et al., 2004; Prez-de-Luque et al., 2004; Kusumoto et al., 2007). Phosphorus deficiency in red clover promotes exudation of orobanchol, the signal for mycorrhizal symbionts and germination stimulant for root parasites. 20, 8184. J. Nematol. Haustorium 65, 56. 37, 3751. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1996.tb01807.x, Atsatt, P. R. (1977). Plant Growth Regul. 47, 452460. doi: 10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00137-5, Ahonsi, M. O., Berner, D. K., Emechebe, A. M., Lagoke, S. T., and Sangina, N. (2003). Ann. Abu-Irmaileh B. E. (1994). Multiple KAI2d genes across broomrape species genomes may allow diversified recognition of root exudates corresponding with suitable hosts (Conn et al., 2015). In addition, their mixed traits of weed and underground pathogen, make their control tricky. 79, 463472. Sci. doi: 10.2478/jppr-2014-0023, Hearne, S. J. Evaluation of weed eradication programs: the delimitation of extent. (1996). In some crops, the biomass loss equals to that accumulated by the parasite indicating that damage in the crop is directly attributed to the parasitic sink activity (Barker et al., 1996; Manschadi et al., 1996; Hibberd et al., 1998). (1983). Bot. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err246, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Sillero, J. C., and Rubiales, D. (2007). When Love Hurts Children: Controlling the Feelings of Minors As a consequence of the high risk of establishment failure in the seedling, broomrapes have evolved germination strategies that predict establishment potential based on host chemodetection (Vaucher, 1823). -, Abbes Z., Kharrat M., Delavault P., Chabi W., Simier P. (2009). Hamamouch, N., Westwood, J. H., Banner, I., Cramer, C. L., Gepstein, S., and Aly, R. (2005). doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3180.1998.00105.x, Hibberd, J. M., Quick, W. P., Press, M. C., and Scholes, J. D. (1998). (2015). broomrape and bursage relationship - vph.co Its not a huge problem, but its not a small one either, and I think its under-reported because it requires crop destruct. The points of vulnerability of some underground events, key for their parasitism such as crop-induced germination or haustorial development are reviewed as inhibition targets of the broomrape-crop association. consultancy for, shared ownership in or any close relationship with, at any time over the preceding 36 months, any organisation whose interests may be affected by the publication of the response. Plant Physiol. During the grafting between host and parasite, broomrape assumes the role of a root, orientating vascular tissues from the host shoot into itself (Bar-Nun et al., 2008). June 11, 2022 Posted by: what does dep prenotification from us treas 303 mean . Plant Sci. Weed Res. Joel, D. M., Bar, H., Mayer, A. M., Plakhine, D., Ziadne, H., Westwood, J. H., et al. However, when Vurro et al. A better understanding in the roles of major hormones in the process of broomrape germination would facilitate the design of feasible control strategies based on either inhibition of broomrape germination during crop cultivation or promotion of suicidal germination in the absence of the crop. 20, 471478. The control of broomrape by mycoherbicides does not so far provide the level of control required in highly infested soils (Aly, 2007). Due to the small size of the seeds and their inability to develop autotrophy, the establishment probability of broomrape seedlings is very low. Pectolytic activity by the haustorium of the parasitic plant Orobanche L. (Orobanchaceae) in host roots. Broomrape tubercles accumulate host-derived nitrogen in the form of either arginine or in the arginine and aspartate pair (Nandula et al., 2000; Abbes et al., 2009). 65, 560565. Characterization of resistance in chickpea to crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata). Bagley urged growers and pest control advisors to be vigilant in avoiding spread of this weed to new fields. (1976) by using the synthetic strigolactone analog GR7. Global invasive potential of 10 parasitic witchweeds and related Orobanchaceae. Cell wall-degrading enzyme in Orobanche aegyptiaca and its host Brassica campestris. Field Crops Res. B., and Mallory-Smith, C. A. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Epub 2014 Oct 16. Lack of knowledge in the molecular regulation of the host-parasite interaction during crop invasion has impeded the development of varieties carrying transgenes with capacity to inhibit broomrape penetration. The consequent reduced flux of water and nutrients toward the parasite, low utilization of host-derived sucrose and lower levels of soluble proteins limits the parasitic sink strength and yield losses due to broomrape parasitism (Abbes et al., 2009). Interaction of light and hormone signals in germinating seeds. doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2003.12.003. Were trying to get a relatively low rate of material into the crop, high enough to kill the parasitic weed but low enough to not damage the crop, Hanson said. (2012). doi: 10.1006/anbo.1996.0385, Drr, I., and Kollmann, R. (1995). Broomrape, commonly called Orobanche, is a genus of more than 200 species of herbaceous plants native to the temperate northern hemisphere. Strigolactone inhibition of shoot branching. Lpez-Granados, F., and Garca-Torres, L. (1999). Plant Physiol. Weed Res. 60, 316323. Evol. Cala, A., Rial, C., Fernandez-Aparicio, M., Molinillo, J. M. G., Varela, R. M., Rubiales, D., et al. J. Exp. doi: 10.1006/anbo.1997.0563, Louarn, J., Carbonne, F., Delavault, P., Becard, G., and Rochange, S. (2012). (2015). Successful broomrape control should target the underground broomrapes at their earlier life stages, prior attachment or as soon as it attach to the host, because of their highest vulnerability at those stages and the avoidance of yield loss in the current crop. Ann. Lins, R. D., Colquhoun, J. Bot. Are pectinolytic activities of Orobanche cumana seedlings related to virulence towards sunflower? Copyright The Regents of the University of California, Davis campus. doi: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00702.x. doi: 10.1002/ps.1713. Engineered host crops harboring herbicide-resistance transgenes have not yet been commercialized for broomrape management (Gressel, 20092). doi: 10.1002/ps.567, Aybeke, M., en, B., and kten, S. (2015). Sauerborn, J. management in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Parasitic plants eavesdrop the plant-to-symbiont communication to sense their hosts and germinate (Xie et al., 2010). Agronomie 21, 757765. Can sourcesink relations explain responses of tobacco to infection by the root holoparasitic angiosperm Orobanche cernua? 60, 641650. doi: 10.1017/S0960258510000371, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Cimmino, A., Evidente, A., and Rubiales, D. (2013). PDF Red Rock Relationships - Bureau of Land Management The embryos in broomrapes have not morphologically identified cotyledons or shoot meristems and upon germination, only a radicle emerges through the seed coat with the only function of reaching and invading the host. A rotation decreasing the frequency of host cultivation is one of the main ways that farmers deal with the broomrape-related problem. Keywords: Depending on the genetic background of the resistant host, the intrusive cells of broomrape seedling can be stopped at three different levels in their way of penetration through the root layers to achieve connection with the host vascular system. Mutualism This is a win-win relationship Both organisms . doi: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01273.x, Seo, M., Nambara, E., Choi, G., and Yamaguchi, S. (2009). (2008). Escape and true resistance to crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk.) doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1971.tb01006.x, Stewart, G. R., and Press, M. C. (1990). 3586002. doi: 10.1111/nph.12692, Logan, D., and Stewart, G. R. (1995). One of the materials we are trying is registered in California on wheat, and another is not registered in this state. Vaucher, J. P. (1823). 101, 261265. Haustorium 49, 3. Plants (Basel). Babiker, A. G. T. (2008). Available at: www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPP/IPM/Weeds/Issues/orobanche.htm, Acharya, B. D., Khattri, B. G., Chettri, M. K., and Srivastava, X. What we have often seen is that the solution has to propose a modification that makes the parasitic life cycle unfit to that of the crop. doi: 10.1126/science.aab1140, Dadon, T., Nun, N. B., and Mayer, A. M. (2004). Broomrape high fecundity, with thousands of seeds released per broomrape plant (Figures 2A,B), multiplies the chances of the next generation to encounter a host and achieve successful parasitism (Parker and Riches, 1993). Activity of secreted cell wall-modifying enzymes and expression of peroxidase-encoding gene following germination of Orobanche ramosa. Quimby, P. C. Jr., Zidack, N. K., and Boyette, C. D. (1999). Parasitic Weeds of the World: Biology and Control. 25, 9931004. Hemp broomrape (Orobanche ramosa), also known as branched broomrape, is a noxious pest around the world and can cause significant losses if crops are heavily infested. Hortic. Therefore, decisions on the date of sowing has to be well-adjusted in order to balance the loss of productivity due to shorter growing period with gain of productivity due to reduced parasitism. 2022 Feb 5;11(3):438. doi: 10.3390/plants11030438. Title: Symbiosis Author: MPS Last modified by: M Created Date: 2/15/2006 2:48:56 PM Document presentation format: On-screen Show Company: MUS Other titles - A free PowerPoint PPT presentation (displayed as an HTML5 slide show) on PowerShow.com - id: 57c2dc-ODc5Z Orobanche crenata in UK- an update. A., and Rubiales, D. (2010a). Linke, K. H., and Saxena, M. C. (1991). New Phytol. Striga seed avoidance by deep planting and no-tillage in sorghum and maize.
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