Solution: The dissociation reaction is HBr H+ + Br-. N C C H (ii) Write the acid-dissociation constant expression for nicotinic acid, HC6H4NO2. and its Conjugate base, Is H2O an acid or base or both? Hence, it is written in molecular form. 16.4: Acid Strength and the Acid Dissociation Constant (Ka) [37] proposes that the cause of death may be due to metabolic dysfunction caused by depletion of adenine nucleotides. The other method is, by the reaction of sulfuric acid with barium chlorate. Answer (1 of 2): Water partially dissociates into H_{3}O^{+} and OH^{-} ions;- H_{2}O H_{3}O^{+} + OH^{-} Normally, this reaction is almost completely biased . Which solution is the strongest alkali? Other modifications of Hill's equation may be used to compute Po2 (Torr) from S (Eq. Addition of chlorine to water gives both hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hypochlorous acid (HClO):[24]. What are the chemical reactions that have HClO2 (Chlorous acid; Hydrogen chlorite; Chlorous acid salt; Chlorite; Vicon) as reactant. Ionization Constants of Inorganic Polyprotic Acids. Non- . Or if any of the following reactant substances [37] found that cellular inactivation precedes loss of respiration by using a flow mixing system that allowed evaluation of viability on much smaller time scales. In 1948, Knox et al. Information about the equation, such as the type of reaction may also be calculated. Use the calculator below to balance chemical equations and determine the type of reaction (instructions). 2), and the temperature coeffic Generate large batches of hypochlorous acid at high concentrations. Cl2(g) + H2O HOCl(aq) + HCl(aq)
Weak electrolytes dissociate partially in water. Top Samudrala_Vaishnavi 3A Posts: 103 Joined: Thu Oct 01, 2020 4:34 am Re: is HClO3 weak or strong? As the germicidal effects of HOCl is much higher than that of OCl-, chlorination at a lower pH is preferred. black holistic doctor houston; mass of asteroid that killed dinosaurs. Hence, the above lewis structure of HClO3 is the most stable and appropriate. Temperature: 40 - 60C. Then pH = - log (2.5 x 10-4) = 3.6 (b) First of all, bases do not give the pH directly like acids because they do not It is obvious that the above HClO3 lewis structure is not stable because of the high formal charge. Now again count the number of valence electrons used in the above structure. Explanation: The ideal environmental conditions for a reaction, such as temperature, pressure, catalysts, and solvent. Calculate the value of the acid-dissociation constant. What are the chemical reactions that have HCl (hydrogen chloride) as reactant? In the above figure, the chlorine atom has a total of 8 electrons(three single bonds that contain 6 electrons + 2 electrons as dots), also, we have used all the total valence electrons that are available for drawing the lewis structure of HClO3.
2 HClO (aq) + 2 H + + 2 e Cl 2 (g) + 2 H 2 O E = +1.63 V HClO reacts with HCl to form chlorine: HClO + HCl H 2 O + Cl 2 It can be prepared by the reaction of sulfuric acid with barium chlorate, the insoluble barium sulfate being removed by precipitation: Another method is the heating of hypochlorous acid, producing chloric acid and hydrogen chloride: On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. HClO is a stronger oxidant than chlorine under standard conditions. The second and third steps add very little H 3 O + ( aq) to the solution. in ionic equations do weak acids and bases dissociate. Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chloric_acid&oldid=1137036149, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 2 February 2023, at 12:52. In this video we'll write the correct formula for Chloric acid.To write the formula for Chloric acid well use the Periodic Table, a Common Ion Table, and follow some simple rules.Because Chloric acid has a polyatomic ion (the group of non-metals after the metal) well need to use a table of names for common polyatomic ions, in addition to the Periodic Table.---Formula Writing Resources---Finding Ionic Charge: https://youtu.be/N4N1Njh7nCoMemorizing Polyatomic Ions: https://youtu.be/vepxhM_bZqkCriss-Cross Method: https://youtu.be/VnzIqpdEimsFor a complete tutorial on naming and formula writing for compounds, like Boric Acid and more, visit: http://www.breslyn.org/chemistry/namingFor a Common Ion Table:http://www.thegeoexchange.org/chemistry/naming/resources/learning_naming.php--- General Rules ----If the name for the acid is:Hydro + stem + ic1. For a weak acid or base, why does the degree of ionization increase HClO3 (chloric acid), disappearing. what is the ionization of hclo3 in water - questions.llc The AXE model for the HClO3 is AX3E1, which correspond to a trigonal pyramidal geometry. Give the necessary reagents in the correct order, as a string of letters (without spaces or punctuation, such as "EBF"). In acid conditions the solution produced will have a high hypochlorous acid concentration, but will also contain dissolved gaseous chlorine, which can be corrosive, at a neutral pH the solution will be around 75% hypochlorous acid and 25% hypochlorite. The germicidal efficiency of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is much higher than that of the hypochlorite ion (OCl-). The . At high pH, OCl- dominates, which causes a decrease in disinfection efficiency. Done on a Dell Dimension laptop computer with a Wacom digital tablet (Bamboo). Chlorine atom can hold more than 8 electrons because it has d orbital for extra electrons needed for bonding. The further development of continuous flow electrochemical cells has been implemented in new products, allowing the commercialisation of domestic and industrial continuous flow devices for the in-situ generation of hypochlorous acid for disinfection purposes.[66]. In chemistry, the loss of electrons is called oxidation, while electron gain is called reduction. - log [H+] 6. The molar mass of this compound is 84.45 grams per mole. Chloric acid | HClO3 - PubChem Strong or Weak - Hydroiodic acid, Is CH3COOH an acid or base? Dissociation of HF in Water and Reaction with Strong Base - BrainMass [14][42] Thomas et al. Cl2(g) + 2 e 2 Cl-(aq). Total number of the valence electrons in hydrogen = 1, Total number of the valence electrons in chlorine = 7, Total number of the valence electrons in oxygen = 6, Total number of valence electron available for the HClO3 Lewis structure = 1 + 7 + 63 = 26 valence electrons [HClO3 molecule has one hydrogen, one chlorine, and three oxygen atoms], 2. Write the equation for the ionization of the weak acid, formic acid, HCHO2, in water. [5] The white blood cells of mammals, such as humans, also contain hypochlorous acid as a tool against foreign bodies. yes. How to write the formula for Chloric acid (HClO3) - YouTube [55] studied the loss of adenine nucleotides by studying the energy charge of HClO-exposed cells and found that cells exposed to HClO were unable to step up their energy charge after addition of nutrients. We have successfully reduced the formal charge on the HClO3 lewis structure by converting the one lone pair of oxygen atoms to a covalent bond, now each atom gets a formal charge equal to zero. This page was last edited on 5 February 2023, at 09:14. [42] Consistent with this, it has been proposed that sulfhydryl groups of sulfur-containing amino acids can be oxidized a total of three times by three HClO molecules, with the fourth reacting with the -amino group. What are the chemical and physical characteristic of HClO3 (chloric acid)? HSO 4-1. Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) NaOH(aq), Chlorine is produced at the anode:
Albrich et al. An ionic crystal lattice breaks apart when it is dissolved in water. Chloric Acid + Water = Hydronium + Chlorate Ion, (assuming all reactants and products are aqueous. Write H and then the ion formula.4. A strong acid is one which completely dissociates in its solvent. Create an equation for each element (H, Cl, O) where each term represents the number of atoms of the element in each reactant or product. This may mean the chemical equation is too complex to use this method, or that the equation is invalid (e.g. Explain. Let's write out the equilibriun expressions and equations for the dissociation of a triprotic acid, H 3A. Hypochlorous acid is a weak acid (pKa of about 7.5), meaning it dissociates slightly into In deodorization, hypochlorous acid has been tested to remove up to 99% of foul odours including garbage, rotten meat, toilet, stool, and urine odours. (iii) A 0.020 M solution of nicotinic acid has a pH of 3.26. . Strong or Weak - Formic, Is HClO4 an acid or base or both? [45] However, the concentration required for bactericidal activity is also highly dependent on bacterial concentration.[40]. H 2 O is a molecular compound. 4. The conjugate base of HClO3 is a Chlorate ion(ClO3). The discovery that HClO blocks induction of -galactosidase by added lactose[55] led to a possible answer to this question. The pH equation is still the same: , but you need to use the acid dissociation constant (Ka) to find [H+]. Jacangelo, J. G., and V. P. Olivieri. Chloric acid - Wikipedia To calculate the formal charge on an atom. Strong or Weak -, Is H2CO3 an acid or base or both? Screen capture done with Camtasia Studio 4.0. the net ionic equation of the ionization of HClO3 in water - Questions LLC Molecular Formula: HOCl HCl + H2O ---> H3O+ + Cl- HCl forms hydronium ions. You can also ask for help in our chat or forums. HA = H+ + A- HA is the acid (here H3PO4), H+ is H+ and A- is the conjugate base (H2PO4-). a HClO3 + b H2O = c H3O+ + d ClO3- Create a System of Equations Positively charged ions (cations) move towards the electron-providing (negative) cathode. #("CH"_ 3)_ 3"NH"_ ((aq))^(+) + "H"_ 2"O"_ ((l)) rightleftharpoons ("CH"_ 3)_ 3"N"_ ((aq)) + "H"_ 3"O"_ ((aq))^(+)#, #color(purple)("I")color(white)(aaaaacolor(black)(0.1)aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaacolor(black)(0)aaaaaaaaacolor(black)(0)# Strains of Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae lacking Hsp33 were rendered especially sensitive to HClO. It wants to revert back to salt water or convert to hypochlorite. Molar Mass: 52.46 g/mol In this tutorial, we will discuss Chloric acid (HClO3) lewis structure, molecular geometry, acid or base, its conjugate base, etc. Despite its stronger disinfecting capabilities, it is less commonly used as a disinfectant compared to bleach and alcohol due to cost. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Treating Chronic Wounds With Hypochlorous Acid Disrupts Biofilm", "List N: Disinfectants for Coronavirus (COVID-19)", "Pure Hypochlorous Acid: A Primer on pH and Wound Solutions", "Recherches sur la nature des combinaisons dcolorantes du chlore", "Studies on the chlorinating activity of myeloperoxidase", "Myeloperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide, chloride antimicrobial system: Nitrogen-chlorine derivatives of bacterial components in bactericidal action against, "Biological reactivity of hypochlorous acid: Implications for microbicidal mechanisms of leukocyte myeloperoxidase", "Hypochlorous acid as a potential wound care agent. "pH" = 4.40 Your starting point here will be to write the balanced chemical equation that describes the ionization of the trimethylammonium cation, ("CH"_3)_3"NH"^(+), the conjugate acid of trimethylamine, ("CH"_3)_3"N". Finally, when placed in water the H+ will combine with H2O to form H3O+, the hydronium ion. 2Cl-(aq) - 2e- Cl2(g)
Therefore, [H+] = [Cl-] = 2.5 x 10-4 M . The limiting reagent row will be highlighted in pink. We can say the Chlorine atom has 5 bond pairs and 1 lone pair. So, just convert the lone pair of oxygen atoms to a covalent bond as shown in the figure below. To enter an ion, specify charge after the compound in curly brackets: {+3} or {3+} or {3}. In food service and water distribution, specialized equipment to generate weak solutions of HClO from water and salt is sometimes used to generate adequate quantities of safe (unstable) disinfectant to treat food preparation surfaces and water supplies. The sugar moieties are nonreactive and the DNA backbone is not broken. What are the chemical and physical characteristic of H2O (water)? This reaction occurs by hydrolysis with addition of chlorine to one of the carbons and a hydroxyl to the other. For instance equation C6H5C2H5 + O2 = C6H5OH + CO2 + H2O will not be balanced, but PhC2H5 + O2 = PhOH + CO2 + H2O will What are the chemical and physical characteristic of H2O (water)? HClO3 + H2O ==> H3O^+ (aq) + ClO3^- (aq) answered by DrBob222 April 30, 2009 My favorite guru answered by ashvik June 7, 2022 Answer this Question Your Name Your Answer Still need help? In water treatment, hypochlorous acid is the active sanitizer in hypochlorite-based products (e.g. - Chloric acid strong or weak, Is HNO2 an acid or base? How do you predict the products in acid-base reactions? Chloric acid (HClO3): pKa 1.0. [40] proposed the idea that inhibition of glucose oxidation is a major factor in the bacteriocidal nature of chlorine solutions. Chemistry of Hypochlorous Acid - HOCL CH3NH3Cl + H2O = CH3NH2Cl + H3O - Chemical Equation Balancer Chloric acid is thermodynamically unstable with respect to disproportionation. How to write the formula for Chloric acid (HClO3) - YouTube 0:00 / 1:22 Intro How to write the formula for Chloric acid (HClO3) Wayne Breslyn 618K subscribers Subscribe 11K views 4 years. What are the chemical and physical characteristic of HClO4 (perchloric acid). A study conducted during the 1940s investigated the inactivation levels as a function of time for E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and Shigella dysenteriae
#color(purple)("E")color(white)(aaacolor(black)(0.1-x)aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaacolor(black)(x)aaaaaaaaacolor(black)(x)#, Now, you know that an aqueous solution at room temperature has, #color(purple)(|bar(ul(color(white)(a/a)color(black)(K_a xx K_b = K_W)color(white)(a/a)|)))#, #K_w = 10^(-14) -># the ionization constant of water, Use this equation to calculate the acid dissociation constant, #K_a#, for the trimethylammonium cation, #K_a = 10^(-14)/(6.4 * 10^(-5)) = 1.56 * 10^(-10)#, By definition, the acid dissociation constant will be equal to, #K_a = ([("CH"_3)_3"N"] * ["H"_3"O"^(+)])/([("CH"_3)_3"NH"^(+)])#, #K_b = (x * x)/(0.1 - x) = 6.4 * 10^(-5)#, Since #K_a# has such a small value when compared with the initial concentration of the conjugate acid, you can use the approximation, #x = sqrt((1.56 * 10^(-10))/0.1) = 3.95 * 10^(-5)#, Since #x# represents the equilibrium concentration of the hydronium cations, you will have, As you know, the pH of the solution is defined as, #color(blue)(|bar(ul(color(white)(a/a)"pH" = - log(["H"_3"O"^(+)])color(white)(a/a)|)))#, #"pH" = - log(3.95 * 10^(-5)) = color(green)(|bar(ul(color(white)(a/a)4.40color(white)(a/a)|)))#. Page 262 in Food Safety: A Practical and Case Study Approach (Ed: R. J. Marshall) 2006, Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin. This technology has led to the development of more stable solutions of hypochlorous acid and has allowed for greater control over the pH of the free chlorine generated. It was also confirmed that, at bacteriocidal levels of HClO, cytosolic components are unaffected. Its conjugate acid-base, Is HCO3- an acid or base?
Since it is more than 8 electrons, hence, it violates the octet. Part II Stabilized hypochlorous acid: its role in decreasing tissue bacterial bioburden and overcoming the inhibition of infection on wound healing", "The Potential Use of Hypochlorous Acid and a Smart Prefabricated Sanitising Chamber to Reduce Occupation-Related COVID-19 Exposure", "Water Works: Hyatt's New Disinfectant/Cleaner Comes from the Tap", "Oxidation of low density lipoprotein by hypochlorite causes aggregation that is mediated by modification of lysine residues rather than lipid oxidation", "Molecular chlorine generated by the myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-chloride system of phagocytes converts low density lipoprotein cholesterol into a family of chlorinated sterols", "Comparison of human red cell lysis by hypochlorous and hypobromous acids: insights into the mechanism of lysis", "The Inhibition of Sulfhydryl Enzymes as the Basis of the Bactericidal Action of Chlorine", "The inhibition of bacterial growth by hypochlorous acid. Please enable JavaScript in order to use this website. 2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g)
HClO3 lewis structure is made up of one hydrogen, one chlorine, and three oxygen. Shared pair electrons around chlorine (3 single bonds) = 6. Perchloric acid | HClO4 - PubChem CHM Ch.11 Flashcards | Quizlet Some of the chlorine gas produced will dissolve forming hypochlorite ions. Also, the hydrogen atom will be joined with the oxygen atom. H2CO3, write the expression for Ka for the acid. Assume only - ENotes Instructions and examples below may help to solve this problem, calcium hydroxide + carbon dioxide = calcium carbonate + water, Enter an equation of a chemical reaction and click 'Balance'. How to determine if acid or base is strong or weak? So, the bond pairs in the HClO3 lewis diagram are 6 and the lone pair is 7. It is a strong acid (pKa 2.7 (***note: pKa not in agreement with properties in chem box at right)) and an oxidizing agent. Polyatomic ions H3o+ hydronium ion (proton. HCl(aq) +H2O(l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl (aq) Explanation: Hydrochloric acid, HCl, is a strong acid, so right from the start you should expect it to ionize completely in aqueous solution. One of the best-known hypochlorites is NaClO, the active ingredient in bleach. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) - Homework Help - Science Forums Best Answer Copy HCLO3--->H3O+Clo3 H3O--->H+H2O H2O--->2H+O Wiki User 2011-12-10 05:49:00 This answer is: Study guides Chemistry 20 cards To name a monatomic anion change the suffix of the. Each electrode attracts ions that are of the opposite charge. The overall reaction is the dissociation of both hydrogen ions, but I'd suggest that the dissociations happen one at a time. Which expression represents the pH of a solution? Which of the following is strongest hydroxide? Label Each Compound With a Variable Label each compound (reactant or product) in the equation with a variable to represent the unknown coefficients. HClO is known to cause post-translational modifications to proteins, the notable ones being cysteine and methionine oxidation. Place remaining electrons on outer atoms and complete their octet. The team at Topblogtenz includes experts like experienced researchers, professors, and educators, with the goal of making complex subjects like chemistry accessible and understandable for all. Technological developments have reduced manufacturing costs and allow for manufacturing and bottling of hypochlorous acid water for home and commercial use. Since the H+ (often called a proton) and the ClO3- ions are dissolved in water we can call them H+ (aq) and ClO3- (aq). The balanced equation will appear above. PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS.docx - PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS: - Course Hero Make hypochlorous acid and spray with an electrostatic cold fogger. Because this is a strong acid, we assume that it dissociates completely, so the concentration of H+ in solution will be [H+] = 0.001 M. p H = l o g ( 0.001) = 3 p O H = 14 p H = 11 Example 2 Calculate the pH and pOH of a 0.00015M solution of KOH. Generally, the octet rule said an atom is most stable when it has 8 electrons around it, more than this, we can say the atom violates the octet. CH3CH2MgCl + CH3CHO + H2O = CH3CH(OH)CH2CH2CH3 + Mg(OH)Cl. Possible role in the bactericidal activity of phagocytes", "Human neutrophils employ the myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-chloride system to oxidize alpha-amino acids to a family of reactive aldehydes. Write an equation to represent the dissociation of propionic acid (CH_3CH_2COOH) in water. [40] first noted that HClO is a sulfhydryl inhibitor that, in sufficient quantity, could completely inactivate proteins containing sulfhydryl groups. The preparation and use of nitric acid were known to the early alchemists. HClO3 is a strong acid and ionizes 100%. Write H and then the ion formula.4. A study by Rosen et al. In other words, every molecule of hydrochloric acid that is added to water will donate its proton, H+, to water molecule to form a hydronium cation, H3O+. The molecular geometry of HClO3 is trigonal pyramidalsince its central atom chlorine is attached with the three atoms and it also contains one lone pair, which means, it is surrounded by the four regions of electron density that implies, its geometry around chlorine will be pyramidal. nitric acid, (HNO3), colourless, fuming, and highly corrosive liquid (freezing point 42 C [44 F], boiling point 83 C [181 F]) that is a common laboratory reagent and an important industrial chemical for the manufacture of fertilizers and explosives. HCl, HBr, HI, HClO3, HClO4, HNO3, H2SO4. HClO3 (chloric acid), disappearing. Now, what is the conjugate base of HClO3? what are the 8 strong bases. The advantage of this is that the sodium hydroxide solution being formed in the right-hand compartment never gets contaminated with any sodium chloride solution. Hydrogen is produced at the cathode:
HClO4 (perchloric acid), appearing at the end of the reaction. It has been further shown that loss of sulfhydryls does not correlate with inactivation. When bacteria are exposed to HClO, there is a precipitous decline in DNA synthesis that precedes inhibition of protein synthesis, and closely parallels loss of viability. HClO 4 + NaOH = NaClO 4 + H 2 O is a neutralization reaction (also a double displacement reaction). Lone pair are those which doesnt take part in chemical bonding and are represented as dots in the lewis diagram, the bond pairs are referred to as the covalent bonds and represented as a line in the lewis diagram. Storing away from heat and direct sunlight can help slow the deterioration. While tedious, it requires little more than what we did to write the equilibrium expression . In this case, you just need to observe to see if product substance Electrolysis of sodium chloride (NaCl) and water (H2O) can be used to generate hypochlorous acid. [29][35] The addition of preformed chlorohydrin to red blood cells can affect permeability as well. How do you make 1molar or 1 normal of perchloric acid? What are the chemical and physical characteristic of ClO2 (chlorine dioxide)? Above these concentrations, chloric acid solutions decompose to give a variety of products, for example: Chloric acid is a powerful oxidizing agent. It is not until recent years that scientists have been able to cost-effectively produce and maintain hypochlorous acid water for stable commercial use. Therefore, the total number of electrons in the valence shell of the chlorine atom in the HClO3 Lewis structure will be 12 electrons. Lets count the formal charge for the 5th step structure. B) calculate the molar concentration of H3O+ in a 0.4M HF solution HF(aq) + H2O(l) = H3O+(aq) + F-Initial 0.4 Equilibrium: 0.4 -x x x HClO and ClO are oxidizers, and the primary disinfection agents of chlorine solutions. In this case, you just need to observe to see if product substance Next, use an ICE table to determine the equilibrium concentration of the hydronium cations, "H"_3"O"^(+), that result from the ionization of the conjugate acid. 1984. The acid can also be prepared by dissolving dichlorine monoxide in water; under standard aqueous conditions, anhydrous hypochlorous acid is currently impossible to prepare due to the readily reversible equilibrium between it and its anhydride:[25], The presence of light or transition metal oxides of copper, nickel, or cobalt accelerates the exothermic[dubious discuss] decomposition into hydrochloric acid and oxygen:[25]. Hence, in the above structure, (4 2) = 8 valence electrons are used from a total of 26 valence electrons available for drawing the HClO3 Lewis structure. Look up ion on Common Ion Table.3. Free Chlorine Generation:
H 2 SO 3 is a chemical compound with yhe chemical name Sulphurous Acid.. Sulphurous acid is also called Sulphur dioxide solution or dihydrogen trioxosulphate or trioxosulphuric acid. In aqueous solution, hypochlorous acid partially dissociates into the anion hypochlorite ClO: Salts of hypochlorous acid are called hypochlorites. Catalysts are substances that speed up the pace (velocity) of a chemical reaction without being consumed or becoming part of the end product. (Butterfield et al., 1943). Examples: Fe, Au, Co, Br, C, O, N, F. Compare: Co - cobalt and CO - carbon monoxide, To enter an electron into a chemical equation use {-} or e. To enter an ion, specify charge after the compound in curly brackets: {+3} or {3+} or {3}. HClO3 is a strong acid and it completely dissociates into the ions in solution. no. ____ 1. has a sour taste hydrogen and hypochlorite ions as noted in equation::
The production of hydroxide ions on dissolving in an aqueous solution shows the basic nature of CH 3 NH 2. Hypochlorous acid (ClOH, HClO, HOCl, or ClHO[2][3]) is a weak acid that forms when chlorine dissolves in water, and itself partially dissociates, forming hypochlorite, ClO. Use your graphing calculator's rref() function (or an online rref calculator) to convert the following matrix into reduced row-echelon-form: Simplify the result to get the lowest, whole integer values. According to this equation, one mole of HCl yields one mole of H+ and one mole of Cl-And also, when ionization is complete, no HCl is left in solution, only H+ and Cl-ions exist. In this case, you just need to observe to see if product substance What are the chemical reactions that have HClO3 (chloric acid) as reactant?
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