3. a special and definite purpose in a novel or other literary work. believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups . A tendency to favor one's own group is called: been more racially prejudiced than others. Women are in poverty and are uneducated more. ____________ can be defined as any physical or verbal behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy. Where slavery was practiced, prejudice ran strong. Hanna overcriticizes him for minor errors. We commonly say that we should not label others but we cannot help but do so. This best illustrates the value of, Sharing household chores ranks high on a list of things people associate with successful marriages. In-group favouritism and out-group discrimination in naturally - PLOS For example, if two classes of children want to play on the same soccer field, the classes will come to dislike . Ingroup Favoritism and Prejudice | Principles of Social Psychology For example, the SDO gender difference (men higher, women lower) appears all over the world. Social dominance orientation (SDO) describes a belief that group hierarchies are inevitable in all societies and are even a good idea to maintain order and stability (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999). This is the term that refers to a positive attitude . Conserves physiological arousal and excitement. These groups could be formed by gender, race, ethnicity, or a favorite sports team. Ingroup Bias (Definition + Examples) | Practical Psychology It might be easy to dismiss the IAT findings of the all-too-human tendency toward faster, more favorable processing of ones own group. The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. a. a dispositional attribution. According to Lyons et al. Ingroup bias is the tendency to favor and support individuals who belong to groups we identify with. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is sometimes called the ________ gene. 0 . a personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status . Social psychologists have developed several ways to measure this automatic preference, the most famous being the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, Banaji, Rudman, Farnham, Nosek, & Mellott, 2002; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998). Groupthink: . Group-serving bias is the tendency to make more favorable attributions about our ingroups than our outgroups. In other words, ingroup bias denotes positive feelings towards one's ingroup, while outgroup bias denotes negative feelings towards outgroups. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.). d. vivid cases. Basically, rumination . Although research has shown that people higher in SDO are more likely to be politically conservative, there are other traits that more strongly predict ones SDO. 97 terms. other-race effect: the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Stereotypes are biased thoughts about a person due to the incorrect belief that the category accurately describes them. d. Catharsis. These four kinds of stereotypes and their associated emotional prejudices (see Figure 2) occur all over the world and apply to each societys own groups. a. deindividuation. The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the: "Teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to stress. What is the correct present tense conjugation of the verb? Social identity is a person's sense of who they are based on their group membership (s). Mr. Wong, a high school teacher, tells his class that he thinks boys tend to be less anxious and, thus, give better speeches than girls. Then create a word search puzzle using the sentences-without the word as clues. What Is Confirmation Bias? | Psychology Today A) the tendency to favor members of one's own group. High rates of violence are most common among those who experience minimal levels of: bias. The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. In general, those high in SDO have a strong belief in work ethicthat hard work always pays off and leisure is a waste of time. The tendency to recall faces of one's own face more accurately than faces of other races. a. more; less How often do you hear people criticizing groups without knowing anything about them? (2010), since the Iraq war, Americans with a strong national identity expressed the most disdain for: People redirect their hostility when the cause of their frustration is intimidating or unknown. Chapter 12 Flashcards | Quizlet For example, rich people are often viewed as competent but cold. c. animals can be bred for aggressiveness. . After meeting Kim, who has a 4.0 GPA and volunteers 20 hours each week to help disabled children, Beth says "Well, Kim is an exception to the rule." where all constants are positive, a(0,1)a \in(0,1)a(0,1). a. experiments were performed despite mass student protests against the research. She is a skydiver as well as a tennis player. Quia - AP Psychology - Unit 14 Vocabulary Review Measured cognitive dissonance by paying participants to $1 or $20 to lie about the enjoyment of a dull task. What is NOT a reason why watching media violence have negative consequences. a. human aggression is an unlearned instinct. Blatant bias is not a thing of the past, however. C) Having an unreasonable fear of those who are different from you. self-fulfilling. This best illustrates that victim blaming is fueled by: Denote the maximal utility as a function of ppp and mmm by U(p,m)U^*(p, m)U(p,m), the value function, also called the indirect utility function. We naturally categorize people by age, language, occupation, ethnicity, income, and many other qualities. Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. tendency. The larger issue, however, is that own-group preference often results in liking other groups less. Do you or someone you know believe that group hierarchies are inevitable? They are automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent, but nonetheless biased, unfair, and disrespectful to a belief in equality. Today, there is a greater appreciation of the fact that not all biases are overt hostility based on a personal animosity toward members of a group. C) a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals. Although this is unfair, sometimes the automatic associationsoften driven by societys stereotypestrump our own explicit values (Devine, 1989). The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. "learners" received painful electric shocks even if they had heart problems. It turns out, however, that peoples reaction time on the IAT predicts actual feelings about out-group members, decisions about them, and behavior towardthem, especially nonverbal behavior (Greenwald, Poehlman, Uhlmann, & Banaji, 2009). Representativeness Heuristic The tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information. Sherif planned a disruption of the water supply in a Boy Scout camp in order to observe how social relationships are influenced by, Pablo and Sabina argued bitterly about which of them should have use of the family car that night. This illustrates, Adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called, Research participants believed that the Ash conformity test involved a study of, Alex thinks smoking is addictive but other players on his hockey team insist that it's not. . Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias, The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. (Social) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members. Rumination: Problem Solving Gone Wrong | Psychology Today Influence (conforming) resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. Social identity theory (Tajfel, Billig, Bundy, & Flament, 1971) describes this tendency to favor ones own in-group over anothers outgroup. Since 1946, the average midterm loss for the president's party is 25 seats. model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components. The tendency to favor ones own cultural group over other groups is known as A) Expert Help. 33. What term describes the tendency to recall faces of ones own race more d. less; less, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses. If someone is in our "ingroup," we are more likely to trust them. Understand biases such as social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias, the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get, physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone, the principle that frustrationthe blocking of an attempt to achieve some goalcreates anger, which can generate aggression, the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them, an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship, the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined, a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it, revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others, unselfish regard for the welfare of others, the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present, the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs, an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them, an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them, a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas, a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior, mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive, shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation, Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reductiona strategy designed to decrease international tensions. Tell your classmates what you will visit and what you will do and see there. D) GRIT. Another case in which people judge other members of the ingroup very negatively occurs when a member of one's own group behaves in a . a. warrior RWA respects group unity over individual preferences, wanting to maintain group values in the face of differing opinions. (a) Find the demand functions, x(p,m)x^*(p, m)x(p,m) and y(p,m)y^*(p, m)y(p,m). Sadly, this can result in consequential discrimination, such as allocating fewer resources to disliked outgroups (Rudman & Ashmore, 2009). triangular theory of love. B) self-serving bias. For instance, Margaret might not be typical (or stereotypical) of an 80-year-old in that she regularly competes in organized half-marathons. Narcissism is the tendency to view one's own culture or group as For example, a person might not have ever been to a Hindu wedding, but their experience of weddings as a general category can help them know what to expect and how to behave. b. conformity skepticism. Unit 23. Next, categorization can also lead to prejudice. Solved The tendency to favor an idea, person, or thing over - Chegg NIMBY | Meaning, Examples, & Facts | Britannica Chapter 13 Flashcards We identify o we compare ingroup bias o tendency to. What does the term multicultural mean? a. groupthink bias b.ingroup bias c.outgroup bias d. intergroup bias According to current research of aggression, which of the following statements is. ethnocentric. Trellis8. Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) is an ideology that emphasizes conformity or obedience to authority (Altemeyer, 1988). First, there is the problem of stereotyping. What entry (debit or credit) does the recipient record? Confirmation bias occurs from the direct influence of desire on beliefs. We might feel affinity toward people from our home town, a connection with those who attend our university, or commiserate with the experience of people who share our gender identity, religion, or ethnicity. How can people learn to get along with people who seem different from them? CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. (Extremes). d. encouraging them to engage in more thoughtful moral reasoning. These maps of the group terrain predict specific types of discrimination for specific kinds of groups. "Oh, no, never," the woman said. This behavior is best explained in terms of: Your textbook defines _____ as a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. It was considered acceptable to openly disparage entire groups of people and to pass laws that restricted or harmed these groups. The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation (external) or the person's disposition (internal). Explaining behaviors based on a person's characteristics; traits, maturity, etc. Some group stereotypes are mixed, high on one dimension and low on the other. Male 3: I don't want you looking over my shoulder all the time. . This fact is consistent with the principle that ________ breeds prejudice. Cindy's reaction best illustrates, People's physical attractiveness is unrelated to their, In an experiment by Dutton and Aron, one group of men were asked by an attractive woman to complete a short questionnaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying footbridge suspended 230 feet above the Capilano River. Flashcards, matching, concentration, and word search. Prejudice. which people belonged to were an important source of pride and self-esteem. Returning to an example from earlier, the homeowner high in SDO may dislike the outgroup member moving into her neighborhood because it threatens ones economic resources (e.g. A loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that: When she gets home in the evening, she criticizes her friend's choice of restaurant for dinner. Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals. d. physical attractiveness. B) Having the belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group. the tendency to favor our own group. the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another, the theory that we explain someones behavior by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition, the tendency for observers, when analyzing anothers behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition, feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events, occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts, occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speakers attractiveness, the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request, a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave, the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. Refusing to hire qualified job applicants because of the color of their skin is to engage in: Nestor belongs to the cross-country ski club at his college but is not a member of the downhill ski club. c. deindividuation. the tendency to favor our own group: scapegoat theory: the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame: other-race effect: the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. 30. "Them"those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup. NIMBY, also spelled Nimby, in full Not in My Backyard or Not in My Backyard Phenomenon, a colloquialism signifying one's opposition to the locating of something considered undesirable in one's neighborhood. social identity theory | Definition, History, Examples, & Facts Whereas SDO emphasizes potential economic conflicts, RWA focuses on value conflicts. This is best illustrated in studies of, Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying, Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town. c. outgroup bias. Within the realm of personality psychology, the false-consensus effect does not have significant effects.This is because the false-consensus effect relies heavily on the social environment and how a person interprets this environment. Participants paid $1 more likely to change their beliefs about the task. a. the bystander effect. c. romantic love Sun Microsystems uses the accrual basis of accounting and recognizes revenue at the time it sells goods or renders services. Distinguish prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination. Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971). People who score high on SDO believe that some groups are inherently better than others, and because of this, there is no such thing as group equality. At the same time, though, SDO is not just about being personally dominant and controlling of others; SDO describes a preferred arrangement of groups with some on top (preferably onesown group) and some on the bottom. Social categorization and intergroup behaviour. What is a FALSE statement regarding the research on microaggressions. a. B) the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior. Common stereotypes of people from all sorts of categories and occupations turn out to classify them along these two dimensions (see Figure 1). Developed Social Learning Theory, where children learn through watching AND imitating actions.
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