Which structure is filled with pigment from melanocytes? Receptors. In the eye, the __________ humor is gelatinous. Electrical sensors and stimulators can help quadriplegic victims flex their limbs. Pain is primarily a chemical and sometimes mechanical sense that interprets the presence of chemicals from tissue damage, or intense mechanical stimuli, through a nociceptor. They are rapidly-adapting mechanoreceptors that sense deep, transient (not prolonged) pressure, and high-frequency vibration. A pressure receptor in the skin could be classified as a (n) ______ a. interoceptor. The foot plate is part of the They are found in the bone periosteum, joint capsules, pancreas and other viscera, breast, and genitals. That makes them very sensitive to edges; they come into use in tasks such as typing on a keyboard. Touch receptors are denser in glabrous skin (the type found on human fingertips and lips, for example), which is typically more sensitive and is thicker than hairy skin (4 to 5 mm versus 2 to 3 mm). These receptors transmit information along the vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve) to the central nervous system. These are slow-adapting, encapsulated mechanoreceptors that detect skin stretch and deformations within joints, so they provide valuable feedback for gripping objects and controlling finger position and movement. __________ pain is a sensation associated with a body part that has been removed. These include receptors for taste and smell as well as visceral receptors that are sensitive to changes in the plasma level of O 2, pH, and osmolality. 7. basilar membrane To view close objects, the ciliary muscle will _____, the suspensory ligament will _____, and the lens will become more _______. An individual sensory modality represents the sensation of a specific type of stimulus. 4. Ruffini endings also detect warmth. Note that these warmth detectors are situated deeper in the skin than are the cold detectors. Other stimuli include the electromagnetic radiation from visible light. detect vibration, deep touch. The cells that transduce sensory stimuli into the electrochemical signals of the nervous system are classified on the basis of structural or functional aspects of the cells. Sensory receptors respond to: light touch: tactile (Meissner) corpuscles, in dermal papil- lae. Note that these warmth detectors are situated deeper in the skin than are the cold detectors. A variety of receptor typesembedded in the skin, mucous membranes, muscles, joints, internal organs, and cardiovascular systemplay a role. a. cochlea. Pacinian corpuscles: Pacinian corpuscles, such as these visualized using bright field light microscopy, detect pressure (touch) and high-frequency vibration. In this chapter we will discuss the general senses which include pain, temperature, touch, pressure, vibration and proprioception. a. Ossicles . Gustatory cells have a __________ lifespan. What structure focuses incoming light onto the retina? Identify and briefly explain the two single-gene diseases. (credit: modification of work by Ed Uthman; scale-bar data from Matt Russell). What type of receptor detects changes in light? Pacini corpuscles are found in both glabrous and hairy skin. Specific types of receptors called __________ detect stimuli in the internal organs. In skeletal muscle tissue, these stretch receptors are called muscle spindles. It is not surprising, then, that humans detect cold stimuli before they detect warm stimuli. 4. How can a person perceive over 4,000 different odors? - Saccule. The cells that are photoreceptors (detect color) are ________. * Na+, EXs associated w/ what taste sensation? d. basilar membrane and vestibular membrane. The types of nerve endings, their locations, and the stimuli they transduce are presented in the table below. Which of the following is a location where Krause bulbs are located? 1) Fibrous tunic The modulus of elasticity is 20GPa20 \mathrm{~GPa}20GPa for the concrete and 200GPa200 \mathrm{~GPa}200GPa for the steel. Accordingly, cell type-specific deletion of PAR2 in myeloid immune cells resulted in a curtailed skin inflammation and hapten-specific T cell response in CHS mice. The main sensory modalities can be described on the basis of how each stimulus is transduced and perceived. They are found in both glabrous and hairy skin. Bulbous corpuscles are also present in joint capsules, where they measure stretch in the components of the skeletal system within the joint. The average intensity of light emerging from a polarizing sheet is 0.764W/m20.764 \mathrm{W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}0.764W/m2, and the average intensity of the horizontally polarized light incident on the sheet is 0.883W/m20.883 \mathrm{W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}0.883W/m2. b. Accommodation is the process of making the lens: What type of receptors detect deep pressure and vibration? Ruffini endings also detect warmth. 3 - Tympanic membrane Receptors can be classified structurally on the basis of cell type and their position in relation to stimuli they sense. e. gets lower and softer. This redesigned and updated new edition offers a comprehensive introductory survey of basic clinical health care skills for learners entering health care programs or for those that think they may be interested in pursuing a career in health care. Temperature receptors are stimulated when local temperatures differ from body temperature. has no output arguments. Action potentials triggered by receptor cells, however, are indirect. What type of papillae is the largest and least numerous? - They are immobile. : *Stapes *Tensor tympani muscle middle Structures apart of inner, middle, or outer ear? Interoceptorsor visceroceptorsrespond to stimuli arising within the body such as chemical stimuli, deep pressure, and many others. the general sense of touch, which is known as somatosensation, can be separated into light pressure, deep pressure, vibration, itch, pain, temperature, or hair . Describing sensory function with the term sensation or perception is a deliberate distinction. Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical stimuli and are the basis for most aspects of somatosensation, as well as being the basis of audition and equilibrium in the inner ear. Figure1. Taste buds are made of gustatory cells, supporting cells, and __________ cells. Four of the primary mechanoreceptors in human skin are shown. Light touch, also known as discriminative touch, is a light pressure that allows the location of a stimulus to be pinpointed. Localization and sensitivity are easily determined in a __________ receptive field. We tend to classify receptors according to the location or origin of the stimulus: Exteroceptorsrespond to stimuli from outside the body - vision, sound, touch, smell, temperature, pain etc. c. It opens Na+ channels. Other overlooked senses include temperature perception by thermoreceptors and pain perception by nociceptors. c. basilar membrane and tectorial membrane. Finally, vision involves the activation of photoreceptors. (Consider that the deep pressure that reaches those deeper receptors would not need to be finely localized.) For example, the sensation of pain or heat associated with spicy foods involves capsaicin, the active molecule in hot peppers. Free nerve endings are sensitive to painful stimuli, to hot and cold, and to light touch. g. Primary visual cortex, a. 6. perilymph of scala tympani Merkels disks, which are unencapsulated, respond to light touch. c. Visceral sensory neurons travel along the same pathway as many somatic sensory neurons. Indicate whether the given structure is located in the outer, middle, or inner ear. Which of the following would stimulate somatic nociceptors? c. Stapes 2. Pacinian corpuscles, located deep in the dermis of both glabrous and hairy skin, are structurally similar to Meissners corpuscles. However, these are not all of the senses. d - Cochlear nucleus 8 - Round window. Receptor cells can be further categorized on the basis of the type of stimuli they transduce. d. Cochlea Receptors are the cells or structures that detect sensations. The nerves that convey sensory information from the periphery to the CNS are either spinal nerves, connected to the spinal cord, or cranial nerves, connected to the brain. a. complex in structure Mechanoreceiving free nerve endings detect touch, pressure, and stretching. Mt. - DARK Cis-retinal and opsin re-form rhodopsin. c. hair cells of spiral organ. Sensation is the activation of sensory receptors at the level of the stimulus. These . It is relatively thin, is composed of keratin-filled cells, and has no blood supply. Pacinian corpuscles, such as these visualized using bright field light microscopy, detect pressure (touch) and high-frequency vibration. The dynamics of capsaicin binding with this transmembrane ion channel is unusual in that the molecule remains bound for a long time. Cutaneous receptors are a type of __________. The sensory receptors in the skin are: Mechanoreceptors Ruffini's end organ (skin stretch) End-bulbs of Krause (Cold) Meissner's corpuscle (changes in texture, slow vibrations) Pacinian corpuscle (deep pressure, fast vibrations) Merkel's disc (sustained touch and pressure) Free nerve endings thermoreceptor nociceptors chemoreceptors Sensory receptors are classified into five categories: mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, proprioceptors, pain receptors, and chemoreceptors. Chemoreceptors respond to chemical stimuli and are the basis for olfaction and gustation. detect deep pressure, vibration, position. 3 - Pressure waves are generated within the oval window and travel through the scala vestibuli. Receptors are spread throughout the body, with large numbers found in the skin. of the following EXCEPT a the sensation of pain b. the sensation of itch c the sensation of touch d the sensation of vibration 28. Graded potentials in free and encapsulated nerve endings are called generator potentials. Unencapsulated OR Encapsulated Tactile Receptor: After the thalamus, auditory nerve signals reach the. *Vestibular d. oval window. They are rapidly adapting, fluid-filled, encapsulated neurons with small, well-defined borders and are responsive to fine details. External ear 2. b. vestibular cells. 1 - Auricle In other words, they are detecting _________ what type of receptors detect deep pressure and vibration? Receptor cells can be classified into types on the basis of three different criteria: cell type, position, and function. e. Tectorial membrane, Which of the following structures is deepest in the inner ear? Pacinian corpuscles; a large, encapsulated tactile receptor that detects deep pressure and high-frequency vibration. Free nerve endings are sensitive to painful stimuli, to hot and cold, and to light touch. . 3) Retina. Merkel's disk are slow-adapting, unencapsulated nerve endings that respond to light touch; they are present in the upper layers of skin that has hair or is glabrous. 4. endolymph of cochlear duct The extraction of relevant features from the photoplethysmography signal for estimating certain physiological parameters is a challenging task. Merkels disks (shown in Figure2) are found in the upper layers of skin near the base of the epidermis, both in skin that has hair and on glabrous skin, that is, the hairless skin found on the palms and fingers, the soles of the feet, and the lips of humans and other primates. The input arguments are vectors The . An Introduction to the Human Body, Chapter 2. - Vallate Trans-retinal is reconverted to cis-retinal David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis. The cells in the retina that respond to light stimuli are an example of a specialized receptor cell, a photoreceptor. - Fungiform. Nociception is the sensation of potentially damaging stimuli. - Supporting cells Which layer of the retina provides vitamin A for the photoreceptor cells? Which terms indicate a receptor type that is classified by its modality of stimulus? dendrites enclosed in a capsule. b. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance, Lindsay M. Biga, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Matern, Katie Morrison-Graham, Devon Quick & Jon Runyeon, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Pain, temperature, mechanical deformation, Epidermaldermal junction, mucosal membranes, Papillary dermis, especially in the fingertips and lips, Deep dermis, subcutaneous tissue, joint capsules, Deep pressure, high-frequency vibration (around 250 Hz), Wrapped around hair follicles in the dermis, Describe different types of sensory receptors. *Stapes 4) Nasolacrimal duct. 2. The __________ ligaments connect the ciliary body to the lense. 6 - Hair cells in the spiral organ are distorted. The papillae that are fewest in number, but contain the most taste buds, are the _________ papillae. What type of receptors detect deep pressure and vibration? Below this, the much thicker dermis contains blood vessels, sweat glands, hair follicles, lymph vessels, and lipid-secreting sebaceous glands (Figure1). e. Bipolar cells In 2009, an eruption threw solid volcanic rocks that landed 1km1 \mathrm{~km}1km horizontally from the crater. b. Cochlear hair cells The bipolar cells stimulate the ganglion cells. Barorecptors detect pressure changes in an organ. How is receptor density estimated in a human subject? (Note that the special senses are all primarily part of the somatic nervous system in that they are consciously perceived through cerebral processes, though some special senses contribute to autonomic function). Age-related loss of the lenses' ability to change shape. What is the receptor of deep pressure? Tags: Question 21 . Rods continuously release the neurotransmitter glutamate. Another physical stimulus that has its own type of receptor is temperature, which is sensed through a thermoreceptor that is either sensitive to temperatures above (heat) or below (cold) normal body temperature. Sensory receptors are classified into five categories: mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, proprioceptors, pain receptors, and chemoreceptors. 1) Sclera 2) Choroid 3) Pigmented layer 4) Neural layer What type of receptor is found in the mucous membranes? -Lens Nearsightedness disorder in which the cornea and lens are too powerful or the eyeball is too long. __________ of the eye is receded into the orbit. deep pressure and vibration: lamellar (Pacinian) corpus- cles, in reticular layer. For example, a molecule in food can serve as a ligand for taste receptors. A sensation occurs when neural impulses from these receptors reach the cerebral cortex. Three ways to classify receptors 1. type of stimulus 2. body location 3. structural complexity Mechanoreceptors respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch Theremoreceptors sensitive to changes in temperature Photoreceptors respond to light energy (retina) Chemoreceptors respond to chemicals (e.g., smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry) Meissner's corpuscles respond to pressure and lower frequency vibrations, and Pacinian corpuscles detect transient pressure and higher frequency vibrations.
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